Active human retrotransposons: variation and disease.

Active human retrotransposons: variation and disease.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.gde.2012.02.006
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发表时间:
2012-06
影响因子:
4
通讯作者:
Kazazian, Haig H., Jr.
Kazazian, Haig H., Jr.
中科院分区:
生物学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Hancks, Dustin C.;Kazazian, Haig H., Jr.

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移动dna,也被称为转座子或“跳跃基因”,在自然界中广泛存在,估计占人类基因组的45%。转座子根据其转座中间体(DNA或RNA)分为两大类。只有一个亚类,非ltr逆转录转座子,目前在人类中活跃,由96个致病插入表明。这些自主的长穿插元件-1 (line -1或l1)不仅能够逆转录自身RNA的拷贝,还能够通过编码逆转录酶的元件将其他RNA (Alu, sin - vntr -Alu (SVA), U6)逆转录到新的基因组位置。L1也可以逆转录细胞mrna,导致加工后的假基因形成。在这里,我们重点介绍了最近的报道,这些报道更新了我们对人类L1逆转录转位及其在疾病中的作用的理解。最后,我们讨论了一些研究,这些研究提供了对这些反转录转座子过去和现在活动的见解,并阐明了反转录转座子发生的时间和地点及其在遗传变异中的作用。
Mobile DNAs, also known as transposons or “jumping genes”, are widespread in nature and comprise an estimated 45% of the human genome. Transposons are divided into two general classes based on their transposition intermediate (DNA or RNA). Only one subclass, non-LTR retrotransposons, is currently active in humans as indicated by 96 disease-causing insertions. These autonomous Long INterspersed Element-1s (LINE-1s or L1s) are capable of retrotransposing not only a copy of their own RNA but also other RNAs (Alu, SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA), U6) in trans to new genomic locations through an element encoded reverse transcriptase. L1 can also retrotranspose cellular mRNAs, resulting in processed pseudogene formation. Here, we highlight recent reports that update our understanding of human L1 retrotransposition and their role in disease. Finally we discuss studies that provide insights into the past and current activity of these retrotransposons, and shed light on not just when, but where, retrotransposition occurs and its part in genetic variation.
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