Relationships between mothers and children in families formed by shared biological motherhood.
Relationships between mothers and children in families formed by shared biological motherhood.
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DOI：
10.1093/humrep/dead047
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发表时间：
2023-05-02
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影响因子：
--
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共同的生物母亲身份，即一个女人生下她的女性伴侣的基因孩子，比捐赠者授精，只有一个母亲与孩子有生物关系，会导致更积极的母子关系吗？两种家庭类型的母亲都表现出与孩子的高度联系，并积极看待与孩子的关系。有一些证据表明，在通过捐赠者授精形成的女同性恋母亲家庭中，亲生母亲和非亲生母亲之间在与子女的关系上存在不平等感，一项定性纵向研究显示，子女与亲生母亲的关系往往比与非亲生母亲的关系更紧密。30个女同性恋母亲家庭通过共同的生物母性创建了30个女同性恋母亲家庭由捐助者IVF形成比较。所有家庭都有两个母亲都参加了这项研究，孩子的年龄从婴儿期到8岁。数据收集自2019年12月开始，历时20个月。家庭中的每一位母亲都分别接受了父母发展访谈（PDI）的采访，这是一种可靠有效的衡量父母与孩子情感纽带性质的方法。访谈由两名训练有素的研究人员中的一名逐字转录并单独编码，他们不知道孩子的家庭类型。访谈产生了13个变量，这些变量与父母对自己作为父母的陈述有关，5个变量与父母对孩子的陈述有关，还有一个全局变量，用于评估父母对孩子及其关系的反映程度。通过共同的生物学亲子关系形成的家庭与由供体IVF创建的家庭在母亲与子女的关系质量方面没有差异，如PDI所评估的。在整个样本中，生母和非生母之间，或者在共同的生物学父母身份形成的家庭中，怀孕母亲和遗传母亲之间也没有发现差异。进行多变量分析，以尽量减少机会的作用。理想情况下，应该对更大的家庭样本和更窄的儿童年龄范围进行研究，但这是不可能的，因为我们依赖于研究开始时英国通过共同的生物学母亲形成的少数家庭。为了保持家庭的匿名性，不可能要求诊所提供信息，这些信息可能会揭示那些响应参与请求的人与那些没有响应请求的人之间的差异。研究结果表明，对于那些希望与孩子建立更平等的生物关系的女同性恋夫妇来说，共同的生物母亲身份是一个积极的选择。一种类型的生物联系似乎对亲子关系的质量没有比另一种更大的影响。本研究由经济和社会研究理事会（ESRC）赠款ES/S 001611/1资助。KA是伦敦妇女诊所的主任，NM是医务主任。其余的作者没有利益冲突。n/a.
Does shared biological motherhood, in which a woman gives birth to the genetic child of her female partner, result in more positive mother–child relationships than donor insemination, in which only one mother is biologically related to the child? Mothers in both family types showed high levels of bonding with their children and viewed their relationship with their child positively. There is some evidence of feelings of inequality regarding their relationship with their child between biological and non-biological mothers in lesbian mother families formed by donor insemination, with a qualitative longitudinal study showing a tendency for children to form stronger bonds with their biological than their non-biological mother. Thirty lesbian mother families created through shared biological motherhood were compared with 30 lesbian mother families formed by donor-IVF. All families had two mothers who both participated in the study, and the children were aged from infancy up to 8 years old. Data collection took place over 20 months beginning in December 2019. Each mother in the family was interviewed separately using the Parent Development Interview (PDI), a reliable and valid measure of the nature of the parent’s emotional bond with their child. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded separately by one of two trained researchers who were unaware of the child’s family type. The interview produces 13 variables that relate to the parent’s representations of themselves as a parent, 5 variables that relate to the parent’s representations of the child, and a global variable that assesses the extent to which the parent can reflect on the child and their relationship. Families formed through shared biological parenthood did not differ from families created by donor-IVF in terms of the quality of mothers’ relationships with their children as assessed by the PDI. Neither were differences identified between birth mothers and non-birth mothers across the entire sample, or between gestational and genetic mothers within the families formed by shared biological parenthood. Multivariate analyses were conducted to minimize the role of chance. Ideally, larger samples of families and a narrower age range of children would have been studied, but this was not possible as we were reliant on the small number of families formed through shared biological motherhood in the UK when the study began. To maintain the anonymity of the families, it was not possible to request information from the clinic that may have shed light on differences between those who responded to the request to participate and those who did not. The findings show that shared biological motherhood is a positive option for lesbian couples who wish to have a more equal biological relationship to their children. One type of biological connection does not appear to have a greater influence on the quality of parent–child relationships than the other. This study was funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) grant ES/S001611/1. KA is Director, and NM is Medical Director, of the London Women’s Clinic. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. N/A.
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