Bruise Patterns of Fresh Market Apples Caused by Fruit-to-Fruit Impact
Bruise Patterns of Fresh Market Apples Caused by Fruit-to-Fruit Impact
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新鲜市场苹果因水果与水果之间的碰撞而造成的瘀伤模式
DOI：
10.3390/agronomy10010059
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Zhang Qin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fu Han;Karkee Manoj;He Long;Duan Jieli;Li Jun;Zhang Qin
全面了解苹果对苹果碰撞造成的损伤，有助于设计适合于大批量收获的低冲击水果抓取机构，以及设计其他水果搬运装置。这项研究量化了不同程度的冲击对不同水果表面位置造成的‘爵士’苹果的瘀伤严重程度。通过冲击实验，分析了水果表面中部/面颊-顶部/茎、中部-中部和中部-底部/花萼三个区域的撞伤模式。利用摆式测试装置对运动水果和静止水果进行了撞击试验，计算了水果的当量落地高度，为水果捕捉面的设计提供了更为实用的测量方法。在每个撞击区中，分别在水果表面的七个不同位置施加七种不同程度的撞击。这些位置沿圆周方向均匀分布在三个区域中的每一个区域，并在每次冲击试验后更换移动的水果。然后使用美国农业部的标准来估计水果在Extra Fancy Class 1(无擦伤)、Extra Fancy(擦伤区域直径≤12.7 mm)和Fresh Market(擦伤区域直径≤19 mm)等级中的百分比。结果表明，果实挫伤程度随落物高度的增加呈非线性增加。研究还发现，在不同的果实对果实碰撞区域下，静止果实和运动果实的损伤程度存在显著差异。底部区域对擦伤的敏感性最低，其次是中部区域，在统计学上与顶部区域相似。结果表明，自由落体高度需要达到3厘米，才能防止苹果对苹果碰撞造成的果实瘀伤，而对于爵士苹果来说，这一水平可以忽略不计。
Comprehensive understanding of bruise damage caused by apple-to-apple impacts is beneficial to design a low-impact fruit capturing mechanism for mass (shake-and-catch) harvesting, as well as to design other fruit handling devices. This study quantified the bruising severity in ‘Jazz’ apples induced by different levels of impact upon various fruit surface locations. Impact experiments were carried out to analyze bruising patterns in three zones in a fruit surface, i.e., middle/cheek-to-top/stem, middle-to-middle and middle-to-bottom/calyx. Moving fruit and stationary fruit were impacted using a pendulum-type test device, and an equivalent drop height of fruit was calculated to provide a more practical measure for designing a catching surface. In each impact zone, seven different levels of impacts were applied respectively at seven different locations on the fruit surface. Those locations were evenly distributed along the circumferential direction in each of the three zones, and moving fruit was replaced after each impact test. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) standard was then used to estimate percentages of fruit in the Extra Fancy Class 1 (no bruising), Extra Fancy (a bruising area diameter ≤ 12.7 mm) and Fresh Market (a bruising area diameter ≤ 19 mm) grades. Results showed that fruit bruising severity increased in a non-linear manner with increasing drop height. It was also found that there existed significant differences in fruit bruising severity between stationary and moving fruit under different fruit-to-fruit impact zones. The bottom zone showed the least bruising sensitivity, followed by the middle zone which was statistically similar to the same in the top zone. The results suggested that the free drop height need to be <3 cm to keep from fruit bruising caused by apple-to-apple impact at a negligible level for ‘Jazz’ apples.
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影响因子：
1.5
作者：
P. Chen;R. Yazdani
通讯作者：
P. Chen;R. Yazdani
影响因子：
5.1
作者：
C. Ortiz;J. Blasco;S. Balasch;A. Torregrosa
通讯作者：
C. Ortiz;J. Blasco;S. Balasch;A. Torregrosa
影响因子：
8.3
作者：
Zarifneshat, Saeed;Rohani, Abbas;Zarifneshat, Masoud
通讯作者：
Zarifneshat, Masoud
影响因子：
1.5
作者：
S. Siyami;G. Brown;G. Burgess;J. B. Gerrish;B. Tennes;C. L. Burton;R. Zapp
通讯作者：
S. Siyami;G. Brown;G. Burgess;J. B. Gerrish;B. Tennes;C. L. Burton;R. Zapp
影响因子：
7
作者：
Van Zeebroeck, M.;Van Linden, V.;Tijskens, E.
通讯作者：
Tijskens, E.