Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and U.S. house dust.
Detection of organophosphate flame retardants in furniture foam and U.S. house dust.
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DOI：
10.1021/es9014019
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发表时间：
2009-10-01
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Webster, Thomas F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stapleton, Heather M.;Klosterhaus, Susan;Eagle, Sarah;Fuh, Jennifer;Meeker, John D.;Blum, Arlene;Webster, Thomas F.
对多溴联苯醚使用的限制导致更多地使用替代阻燃化学品来满足易燃性标准。然而，很难确定目前正在大量使用哪些化学制剂以满足可燃性标准，因为消费品中阻燃剂制剂的使用是不透明的（即不提供给客户）。为了调查在聚氨酯泡沫中用作五溴二苯醚替代品的化学品，我们使用气相色谱-质谱法分析了主要在2003年至2009年期间在美国购买的26件不同家具的泡沫样品。样本包括沙发、椅子、床垫、枕头上的泡沫，在一个案例中，还包括实验室级防尘筛的隔音系统上的泡沫。15个泡沫样品含有阻燃剂tris（1，3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TDCPP; 1- 5重量%），四个样品含有三羟甲基氨基甲烷（tris（1-氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TCPP; 0.5 - 2.2重量%），一个样品含有溴化化学品，在一种名为Firemaster 550的新型阻燃剂混合物中发现从可能在2004年之前购买的蒲团上采集的一个泡沫样本中含有五溴二苯醚（按重量计为0.5%）。由于家具泡沫中氯化磷酸盐化合物的检测频率很高，我们分析了2002年至2007年在马萨诸塞州波士顿地区收集的50个房屋灰尘样本的提取物，用于TDCPP，TCPP和另一种用于泡沫的高容量有机磷酸酯阻燃剂，三苯基磷酸盐（TPP）。灰尘样本中TDCPP和TPP的检测频率>96%，呈对数正态分布，与多溴二苯醚的观察结果相似。在灰尘中仅24%的样品中检出TCPP阳性，但检测受到共洗脱问题的显著限制。室内灰尘中TCPP、TDCPP和TPP的几何平均浓度分别为570、1890和7360 ng/g，灰尘中检测到的最大值分别为5490、56,080和1,798,000 ng/g。这些数据表明，这些有机磷酸盐阻燃剂的含量与室内灰尘中的多溴二苯醚含量相当，在某些情况下甚至更高。这些化学品在泡沫中普遍存在，在灰尘中测得的浓度也很高（高达1.8毫克/克），因此有必要开展进一步研究，以评估接触灰尘对健康的潜在影响，特别是对儿童的影响。
Restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have resulted in the increased use of alternate flame retardant chemicals to meet flammability standards. However, it has been difficult to determine which chemical formulations are currently being used in high volumes to meet flammability standards since the use of flame retardant formulations in consumer products is not transparent (i.e. not provided to customers). To investigate chemicals being used as replacements for PentaBDE in polyurethane foam, we analyzed foam samples from 26 different pieces of furniture purchased in the United States primarily between 2003 and 2009 using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Samples included foam from couches, chairs, mattress pads, pillows, and, in one case, foam from a sound proofing system of a laboratory grade dust sieve. Fifteen of the foam samples contained the flame retardant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP; 1–5% by weight), four samples contained tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP; 0.5 –2.2 % by weight), one sample contained brominated chemicals found in a new flame retardant mixture called Firemaster 550 (4.2% by weight), and one foam sample collected from a futon likely purchased prior to 2004 contained PentaBDE (0.5% by weight). Due to the high frequency of detection of the chlorinated phosphate compounds in furniture foam, we analyzed extracts from 50 house dust samples collected between 2002 and 2007 in the Boston, MA area for TDCPP, TCPP, and another high volume use organophosphate-based flame retardant used in foam, triphenylphosphate (TPP). Detection frequencies for TDCPP and TPP in the dust samples were >96% and were log normally distributed, similar to observations for PBDEs. TCPP was positively detected in dust in only 24% of the samples, but detection was significantly limited by a co-elution problem. The geometric mean concentrations for TCPP, TDCPP and TPP in house dust were 570, 1890, and 7360 ng/g, respectively, and maximum values detected in dust were 5490, 56,080 and 1,798,000 ng/g, respectively. These data suggest that levels of these organophosphate flame retardants are comparable, or in some cases, greater than, levels of PBDEs in house dust. The high prevalence of these chemicals in foam and the high concentrations measured in dust (as high as 1.8 mg/g), warrant further studies to evaluate potential health effects from dust exposure, particularly for children.
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影响因子：
56.9
作者：
BLUM, A;GOLD, MD;THENOT, JP
通讯作者：
THENOT, JP
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Carlsson, H;Nilsson, U;Ostman, C
通讯作者：
Ostman, C
溴化阻燃剂：值得关注吗？
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Birnbaum LS;Staskal DF
通讯作者：
Staskal DF
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Makinen, Maija S. E.;Makinen, Milja R. A.;Korpi, Anne M.
通讯作者：
Korpi, Anne M.
影响因子：
8.8
作者：
Marklund, A;Andersson, B;Haglund, P
通讯作者：
Haglund, P