Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics.

Magnetic nanoparticles for theragnostics.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.007
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发表时间:
2009-06-21
影响因子:
16.1
通讯作者:
Jin S
Jin S
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Shubayev VI;Pisanic TR 2nd;Jin S

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工程磁性纳米颗粒(MNP)代表了医学领域的尖端工具,因为它们可以同时功能化并由磁场引导。 MNP 的使用具有先进的磁共振成像 (MRI)、引导药物和基因递送、磁热疗癌症治疗、组织工程、细胞跟踪和生物分离。随着 MNP 的使用,出现了综合治疗和诊断(即治疗诊断)应用,例如 MRI 引导的细胞替代疗法或基于 MRI 的癌症特异性基因传递成像。然而,越来越多的证据表明,纳米颗粒的某些特性(例如,增强的反应面积、穿过细胞和组织屏障的能力、生物降解抵抗力)相对于分子或本体对应物放大了其细胞毒性潜力。氧化应激是纳米毒性的三层范式,表现为活性氧 (ROS) 的激活(第一层),随后是促炎症反应(第二层)和导致细胞凋亡和突变的 DNA 损伤(第三层)。体内施用的 MNP 会迅速受到网状内皮系统 (RES) 巨噬细胞的攻击,不仅会中和潜在的 MNP 毒性,还会减少 MNP 功效所需的循环时间。我们讨论了 MNP 的大小、组成和表面化学在其细胞内摄取、生物分布、巨噬细胞识别和细胞毒性中的作用,并回顾了 MNP 毒性的当前研究、纳米毒性评估的注意事项以及优化 MNP 生物医学用途的工程策略。
Engineered magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represent a cutting-edge tool in medicine because they can be simultaneously functionalized and guided by a magnetic field. Use of MNPs has advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), guided drug and gene delivery, magnetic hyperthermia cancer therapy, tissue engineering, cell tracking and bioseparation. Integrative therapeutic and diagnostic (i.e., theragnostic) applications have emerged with MNP use, such as MRI-guided cell replacement therapy or MRI-based imaging of cancer-specific gene delivery. However, mounting evidence suggests that certain properties of nanoparticles (e.g., enhanced reactive area, ability to cross cell and tissue barriers, resistance to biodegradation) amplify their cytotoxic potential relative to molecular or bulk counterparts. Oxidative stress, a 3-tier paradigm of nanotoxicity, manifests in activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (tier I), followed by a pro-inflammatory response (tier II) and DNA damage leading to cellular apoptosis and mutagenesis (tier III). In vivo administered MNPs are quickly challenged by macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system (RES), resulting in not only neutralization of potential MNP toxicity but also reduced circulation time necessary for MNP efficacy. We discuss the role of MNP size, composition and surface chemistry in their intracellular uptake, biodistribution, macrophage recognition and cytotoxicity, and review current studies on MNP toxicity, caveats of nanotoxicity assessments and engineering strategies to optimize MNPs for biomedical use.
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