Functional relationship between skull form and feeding mechanics in Sphenodon, and implications for diapsid skull development.
Functional relationship between skull form and feeding mechanics in Sphenodon, and implications for diapsid skull development.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0029804
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Fagan MJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Curtis N;Jones ME;Shi J;O'Higgins P;Evans SE;Fagan MJ
脊椎动物的头骨进化是为了保护大脑和感觉器官，但随着颌骨和相关力量的出现，结构发生了显著的变化。这表明头骨形态的进化可能与这些力有关，但一个重要的争论领域是头骨中的骨骼是否因这些力而被最小化，或者头骨是否在机械上被“过度设计”并受到发育和发育的限制。对双壳类爬行动物头骨的力学分析可以为这一长期争论提供线索。与哺乳动物的头骨相比，许多现存和灭绝的双孔类的头骨包括由骨支柱（例如，蜥蜴、鳄蜥、恐龙和鳄鱼），这是一种被认为与进食力密切相关的颅型。我们研究了这一联系，利用强大的工程方法的多体动力学分析，预测作用于头骨的双壳爬行动物楔齿龙的生理力量。然后，我们进行了一系列结构有限元分析，以评估骨应变和颅骨形状之间的相关性。综合加载，我们发现，冯米塞斯应变的峰值分布是特别均匀的整个头骨，虽然特定区域占主导地位的拉伸应变，而其他人占主导地位的压缩应变。我们的分析表明，双足类爬行动物的框架状头骨可能是最佳的形式（机械理想：足够的强度与最小量的骨）相对于功能的力量;他们是有效的，在具有最小的骨体积，最小的重量，也最小的能量需求在维护。
The vertebrate skull evolved to protect the brain and sense organs, but with the appearance of jaws and associated forces there was a remarkable structural diversification. This suggests that the evolution of skull form may be linked to these forces, but an important area of debate is whether bone in the skull is minimised with respect to these forces, or whether skulls are mechanically “over-designed” and constrained by phylogeny and development. Mechanical analysis of diapsid reptile skulls could shed light on this longstanding debate. Compared to those of mammals, the skulls of many extant and extinct diapsids comprise an open framework of fenestrae (window-like openings) separated by bony struts (e.g., lizards, tuatara, dinosaurs and crocodiles), a cranial form thought to be strongly linked to feeding forces. We investigated this link by utilising the powerful engineering approach of multibody dynamics analysis to predict the physiological forces acting on the skull of the diapsid reptile Sphenodon. We then ran a series of structural finite element analyses to assess the correlation between bone strain and skull form. With comprehensive loading we found that the distribution of peak von Mises strains was particularly uniform throughout the skull, although specific regions were dominated by tensile strains while others were dominated by compressive strains. Our analyses suggest that the frame-like skulls of diapsid reptiles are probably optimally formed (mechanically ideal: sufficient strength with the minimal amount of bone) with respect to functional forces; they are efficient in terms of having minimal bone volume, minimal weight, and also minimal energy demands in maintenance.
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影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Curtis, N.;Jones, M. E. H.;Fagan, M. J.
通讯作者：
Fagan, M. J.
影响因子：
2
作者：
Dumont, E. R.;Grosse, I. R.;Slater, G. J.
通讯作者：
Slater, G. J.
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
COWIN, SC;HART, RT;KOHN, DH
通讯作者：
KOHN, DH
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Burr, DB;Robling, AG;Turner, CH
通讯作者：
Turner, CH
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Erickson, GM;VanKirk, SD;Carter, DR
通讯作者：
Carter, DR