Going with the flow: hydrodynamic cues trigger directed escapes from a stalking predator

Going with the flow: hydrodynamic cues trigger directed escapes from a stalking predator
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随波逐流:水动力线索触发逃离跟踪捕食者

DOI:
10.1098/rsif.2018.0776
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发表时间:
2019
影响因子:
3.9
通讯作者:
Hartline, Daniel K.
Hartline, Daniel K.
中科院分区:
综合性期刊2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Tuttle, Lillian J.;Robinson, H. Eve;Takagi, Daisuke;Strickler, J. Rudi;Lenz, Petra H.;Hartline, Daniel K.

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在捕食者和猎物的共同进化中,不同的和较少被理解的威胁评估规则适用于自由悬浮的生物体而不是底物栖息的生物体。特别容易受到伤害的是小型猎物,它伴随着周围流体的大量运动,因此在逼近的捕食者的船头波中失去了感官信息。然而,一些浮游生物猎物已经解决了这个明显的问题。我们量化了小丑鱼(Amphiprion Ocellaris)幼鱼缓慢接近所产生的线索,这些线索触发了一只水蚤(Bstiolina Similis)在鱼攻击之前逃跑。为了估计桡足类动物跳跃前周围的水变形,我们将鱼的身体表示为水动力学模型中的一个刚性球体,并通过测量鱼的大小、接近速度和到桡足类动物的距离来参数化该模型。不同发育阶段的桡足类对活体捕食者引起的水流非常敏感,变形速率低至0.04 S−1,远低于人工模拟捕食者实验所预测的速率。此外,桡足类定位于源头,87%的逃逸方向远离捕食者(大于或等于90°)。因此,在威胁生命的情况下,桡足类的生存依赖于它们对局部线性变形环境中微小非线性信号的检测。
In the coevolution of predator and prey, different and less well-understood rules for threat assessment apply to freely suspended organisms than to substrate-dwelling ones. Particularly vulnerable are small prey carried with the bulk movement of a surrounding fluid and thus deprived of sensory information within the bow waves of approaching predators. Some planktonic prey have solved this apparent problem, however. We quantified cues generated by the slow approach of larval clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris) that triggered a calanoid copepod (Bestiolina similis) to escape before the fish could strike. To estimate water deformation around the copepod immediately preceding its jump, we represented the body of the fish as a rigid sphere in a hydrodynamic model that we parametrized with measurements of fish size, approach speed and distance to the copepod. Copepods of various developmental stages (CII–CVI) were sensitive to the water flow caused by the live predator, at deformation rates as low as 0.04 s−1. This rate is far lower than that predicted from experiments that used artificial predator-mimics. Additionally, copepods localized the source, with 87% of escapes directed away (greater than or equal to 90°) from the predator. Thus, copepods' survival in life-threatening situations relied on their detection of small nonlinear signals within an environment of locally linear deformation.
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