Early pastoral economies along the Ancient Silk Road: Biomolecular evidence from the Alay Valley, Kyrgyzstan.
Early pastoral economies along the Ancient Silk Road: Biomolecular evidence from the Alay Valley, Kyrgyzstan.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0205646
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Boivin N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Taylor W;Shnaider S;Abdykanova A;Fages A;Welker F;Irmer F;Seguin-Orlando A;Khan N;Douka K;Kolobova K;Orlando L;Krivoshapkin A;Boivin N
丝绸之路是一条重要的贸易路线，它在欧亚大陆内陆输送贸易货物、人员、植物、动物和思想，促进了整个旧世界的生物交流和关键社会发展。吉尔吉斯斯坦的阿莱山谷位于帕米尔高原和阿莱山脉之间，基线海拔近3000m，形成了一条广阔的地理走廊，是古代丝绸之路的主要通道之一。最近的考古调查揭示了阿莱从青铜时代早期到中世纪时期长达数千年的田园生活历史，以及切吉尔特克洞穴遗址的分层全新世序列。动物遗骸是通过测试挖掘以及最近土拨鼠活动的表面材料收集而发现的。尽管回收的标本高度破碎，并且使用传统的动物考古学方法大多无法识别，但通过胶原蛋白质量指纹法 (ZooMS) 进行物种鉴定，加上通过古代 DNA 进行性别和第一代杂交鉴定，可以初步表征阿莱牧民的动物经济。我们的新结果表明，Chegirtke 洞穴（约公元前 2200 年）主要依靠绵羊，也存在牛和山羊。在空间上相关的青铜或铁器时代居住结构中发现的大型磨石表明了混合农牧经济策略，而不是对家畜的独特依赖。阿莱山谷附近地区居住建筑的放射性碳测年动物群表明，后期曾出现过家马和双峰驼。目前的研究表明，农牧业对阿莱高山走廊的占领早在丝绸之路正式建立之前几千年就开始了，并认为ZooMS与放射性碳测年法和古代DNA相结合，是一个强大且具有成本效益的工具，可用于调查早期游牧经济中驯养动物使用的转变。
The Silk Road was an important trade route that channeled trade goods, people, plants, animals, and ideas across the continental interior of Eurasia, fueling biotic exchange and key social developments across the Old World. Nestled between the Pamir and Alay ranges at a baseline elevation of nearly 3000m, Kyrgyzstan’s high Alay Valley forms a wide geographic corridor that comprised one of the primary channels of the ancient Silk Road. Recent archaeological survey reveals a millennia-long history of pastoral occupation of Alay from the early Bronze Age through the Medieval period, and a stratified Holocene sequence at the site of Chegirtke Cave. Faunal remains were recovered from test excavations as well as surface collection of material from recent marmot activity. Although recovered specimens were highly fragmented and mostly unidentifiable using traditional zooarchaeological methods, species identification via collagen mass fingerprinting (ZooMS) coupled with sex and first-generation hybrid identification through ancient DNA enabled preliminary characterization of the animal economy of Alay herders. Our new results indicate primary reliance on sheep at Chegirtke Cave (ca. 2200 BCE), with cattle and goat also present. The discovery of a large grinding stone at a spatially associated Bronze or Iron Age habitation structure suggests a mixed agropastoral economic strategy, rather than a unique reliance on domestic animals. Radiocarbon-dated faunal assemblages from habitation structures at nearby localities in the Alay Valley demonstrate the presence of domestic horse, as well as Bactrian camel during later periods. The current study reveals that agropastoral occupation of the high-mountain Alay corridor started millennia before the formal establishment of the Silk Road, and posits that ZooMS, when paired with radiocarbon dates and ancient DNA, is a powerful and cost-effective tool for investigating shifts in the use of animal domesticates in early pastoral economies.
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