Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility.
Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility.
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DOI：
10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4
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发表时间：
2022-08
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Wernerfelt, Nils
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chetty, Raj;Jackson, Matthew O.;Kuchler, Theresa;Stroebel, Johannes;Hendren, Nathaniel;Fluegge, Robert B.;Gong, Sara;Gonzalez, Federico;Grondin, Armelle;Jacob, Matthew;Johnston, Drew;Koenen, Martin;Laguna-Muggenburg, Eduardo;Mudekereza, Florian;Rutter, Tom;Thor, Nicolaj;Townsend, Wilbur;Zhang, Ruby;Bailey, Mike;Barbera, Pablo;Bhole, Monica;Wernerfelt, Nils
社会资本个人的社会网络和社区的力量已经被确定为从教育到健康的结果的潜在决定因素。然而，由于缺乏社交网络数据，理解哪些类型的社会资本对这些结果有影响的努力受到了阻碍。在这里，在两篇论文的第一篇中，我们使用Facebook上210亿个友谊的数据来研究社会资本。在美国，我们通过邮政编码来衡量和分析三种类型的社会资本：（1）不同类型的人之间的联系，例如社会经济地位（SES）低与高的人;（2）社会凝聚力，例如友谊网络中的派系程度;（3）公民参与，例如志愿服务率。这些措施在不同地区有很大差异，但彼此之间的相关性并不高。我们证明了区分这些形式的社会资本的重要性，通过分析它们与跨地区经济流动性的关联。高社会经济地位的朋友在低社会经济地位的人中所占的比例-我们称之为经济联系-是迄今为止确定的向上收入流动性的最强预测因素之一。其他社会资本指标与经济流动性没有很强的联系。如果低社会经济地位父母的孩子在经济联系与高社会经济地位父母的孩子相当的县长大，他们成年后的收入平均会增加20%。经济联系的差异可以解释收入向上流动与种族隔离、贫困率和不平等之间众所周知的关系。为了支持进一步的研究和政策干预，我们在https://www.socialcapital.org上公开发布了受隐私保护的社会资本统计数据。对美国Facebook上210亿个友谊数据的分析揭示了社会资本和经济流动性之间的联系。
Social capital—the strength of an individual’s social network and community—has been identified as a potential determinant of outcomes ranging from education to health. However, efforts to understand what types of social capital matter for these outcomes have been hindered by a lack of social network data. Here, in the first of a pair of papers, we use data on 21 billion friendships from Facebook to study social capital. We measure and analyse three types of social capital by ZIP (postal) code in the United States: (1) connectedness between different types of people, such as those with low versus high socioeconomic status (SES); (2) social cohesion, such as the extent of cliques in friendship networks; and (3) civic engagement, such as rates of volunteering. These measures vary substantially across areas, but are not highly correlated with each other. We demonstrate the importance of distinguishing these forms of social capital by analysing their associations with economic mobility across areas. The share of high-SES friends among individuals with low SES—which we term economic connectedness—is among the strongest predictors of upward income mobility identified to date. Other social capital measures are not strongly associated with economic mobility. If children with low-SES parents were to grow up in counties with economic connectedness comparable to that of the average child with high-SES parents, their incomes in adulthood would increase by 20% on average. Differences in economic connectedness can explain well-known relationships between upward income mobility and racial segregation, poverty rates, and inequality. To support further research and policy interventions, we publicly release privacy-protected statistics on social capital by ZIP code at https://www.socialcapital.org. Analyses of data on 21 billion friendships from Facebook in the United States reveal associations between social capital and economic mobility.
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