Funnel-shaped surface depressions — Indicator or accelerant of rapid glacier disintegration? A case study in the Tyrolean Alps

Funnel-shaped surface depressions — Indicator or accelerant of rapid glacier disintegration? A case study in the Tyrolean Alps
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漏斗状表面凹陷 â 冰川快速崩解的指标还是促进剂?

DOI:
10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.11.006
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发表时间:
2017
期刊:
影响因子:
3.9
通讯作者:
Morche
Morche
中科院分区:
地球科学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Stocker-Waldhuber;Fischer;Keller;Morche

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阿尔卑斯山冰川一直在以史无前例的极端速度消退。虽然区域退缩速率的一般过程反映了长期的气候变化,但个别极端事件与特定冰川的地貌背景和过程密切相关。然而,这些极端事件也影响了区域手段,可能是加速冰川对气候变化响应的重要反馈机制。2009年,在Gepatschferner末端(北纬46°52‘30“,东经10°45’25”)最近的崩解过程中,冰舌处出现了一个浅的圆形凹陷,表层冰流速度几乎为零。2015年,该地区实现了无冰。在2012年8月的一次强降水事件中,一层10米厚的冰下沉淀层被冲走,加速了冰面的下沉。这一15至30米深的凹陷的发展被结合了多种方法进行了高细节的监测,包括直接烧蚀测量和七个高分辨率机载激光DEM的时间序列,以及DGPS记录的冰流速度和表面高度。2012年和2013年用可控震源测深测量了冰层和沉积层的厚度。在其他三个冰川上也观察到了类似的发展,冰川的退缩速度非常快。我们的研究表明,这一机制对冰川对气候变化的非线性增强反应有重大影响,并可被解读为冰川对气候变化的非线性反应增强的指标。
Alpine glaciers have been retreating at extreme and historically unprecedented rates. While the general course of regional retreat rates reflects long-term climatic change, individual extreme events are closely related to the geomorphological settings and processes of the specific glacier. Nevertheless, these extreme events also influence the regional means and might be an important feedback mechanism accelerating the response of glaciers to climate change. In 2009, during the recent disintegration of the terminus of Gepatschferner (46°52′30″N, 10°45′25″E), a shallow circular depression appeared at the glacier tongue with a decrease of surface ice flow velocity to almost nil. In 2015 the area was ice-free. During a heavy precipitation event in August 2012, a subglacial sediment layer of > 10 m was flushed out, which accelerated the subsidence of the ice surface.The development of this 15 to 30 m deep depression was monitored with a combination of methods in high detail, including direct ablation measurements and a time series of seven high-resolution airborne laser DEMs, plus recordings of ice flow velocity and surface elevation with DGPS. The thickness of ice and sediment layers was measured with vibroseismic soundings in 2012 and 2013. Similar developments were observed at three other glaciers with extreme retreat rates. Our investigation suggests that this mechanism has a major impact on and can be read as an indicator of a nonlinear increased response of glaciers to climate change.
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