Exploring the Association between Alzheimer's Disease, Oral Health, Microbial Endocrinology and Nutrition.
Exploring the Association between Alzheimer's Disease, Oral Health, Microbial Endocrinology and Nutrition.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnagi.2017.00398
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Singhrao SK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harding A;Gonder U;Robinson SJ;Crean S;Singhrao SK
对患者的纵向监测表明慢性牙周炎和阿尔茨海默病（AD）的发展之间存在因果关系。然而，牙周炎如何导致痴呆的解释仍然不清楚。一个工作假设链接外源性炎症作为AD的次要原因。这一假设表明，口腔卫生受损导致口腔微生物群失调，牙龈卟啉单胞菌（一种关键的牙周病原体）及其伴侣物种在宿主中协调免疫破坏。刷牙和咀嚼由已经受伤的软组织支撑的牙齿会导致细菌感染。因此，牙周病原体会产生持续的全身炎症反应。病原体和宿主的炎症反应随后导致多种代谢和炎症共病（包括AD）的开始和进展。必需微量营养素水平不足可通过牙周病原体的生长导致微生物生态失调，例如在低氯化血红素生物利用度下的牙龈卟啉单胞菌。个体的饮食还定义了驻留在口腔和胃肠道（GI）微生物组中的微生物群落的联合体。它们的不平衡可能导致行为变化。例如，富含乳酸杆菌属细菌的益生菌在摄入时，通过共同的宿主/细菌神经化学物质局部地和通过返回大脑的感觉信号传导来发挥一些抗炎作用。生命早期的饮食行为可能会导致宿主/微生物内分泌失衡，原因是饮食摄入与生命后期健康的胃肠道微生物组不相容。宿主/微生物内分泌的这种不平衡可能对心理健康产生持久的影响。这一观察结果为探索机制提供了机会，这些机制可能是先前检测到的饮食，口腔/GI微生物群落与焦虑，认知和睡眠模式之间关系的基础。这篇综述表明，健康的饮食为基础的干预措施，连同改善生活方式/行为的变化可能会减少和/或延迟AD的发病率。
Longitudinal monitoring of patients suggests a causal link between chronic periodontitis and the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the explanation of how periodontitis can lead to dementia remains unclear. A working hypothesis links extrinsic inflammation as a secondary cause of AD. This hypothesis suggests a compromised oral hygiene leads to a dysbiotic oral microbiome whereby Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone periodontal pathogen, with its companion species, orchestrates immune subversion in the host. Brushing and chewing on teeth supported by already injured soft tissues leads to bacteremias. As a result, a persistent systemic inflammatory response develops to periodontal pathogens. The pathogens, and the host’s inflammatory response, subsequently lead to the initiation and progression of multiple metabolic and inflammatory co-morbidities, including AD. Insufficient levels of essential micronutrients can lead to microbial dysbiosis through the growth of periodontal pathogens such as demonstrated for P. gingivalis under low hemin bioavailability. An individual’s diet also defines the consortium of microbial communities that take up residency in the oral and gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiomes. Their imbalance can lead to behavioral changes. For example, probiotics enriched in Lactobacillus genus of bacteria, when ingested, exert some anti-inflammatory influence through common host/bacterial neurochemicals, both locally, and through sensory signaling back to the brain. Early life dietary behaviors may cause an imbalance in the host/microbial endocrinology through a dietary intake incompatible with a healthy GI tract microbiome later in life. This imbalance in host/microbial endocrinology may have a lasting impact on mental health. This observation opens up an opportunity to explore the mechanisms, which may underlie the previously detected relationship between diet, oral/GI microbial communities, to anxiety, cognition and sleep patterns. This review suggests healthy diet based interventions that together with improved life style/behavioral changes may reduce and/or delay the incidence of AD.
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影响因子：
3.1
作者：
Al-Qutub, Montaser N.;Braham, Pamela H.;Darveau, Richard P.
通讯作者：
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DOI：
10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.09.001
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