Influence of reinforcer magnitude and nicotine amount on smoking's acute reinforcement enhancing effects.
Influence of reinforcer magnitude and nicotine amount on smoking's acute reinforcement enhancing effects.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.016
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发表时间：
2013-11-01
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Karelitz, Joshua L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Perkins, Kenneth A.;Karelitz, Joshua L.
在动物模型中显示，尼古丁在增强感官奖励方面的急性作用似乎发生在人类吸烟的情况下。这些影响可能因增强剂的大小和急性烟雾摄入量(剂量)而有所不同。在完全受试者内的设计中，依赖吸烟者(n=23)参加了3次治疗。每一次治疗都是在隔夜禁欲之后进行的，包括4个试验，以评估通过递进比率(PR50%)对高、中、低偏好音乐的感觉强化的反应，或没有奖励(平衡，30秒/增强器)。每次试验前吸烟的时间不同：到达时抽8口烟，每次试验抽2口烟(“8+2”)，每次试验只抽2口烟(“0+2”)，或不吸烟。通过CRESS(临床研究支持系统)消费泡芙以控制地形，吸烟涉及自有品牌以确保适口性并增加结果的概括性。强化反应受吸烟条件(p<；0.05)和音乐奖励类型(p<；.001)主效应的影响。与不吸烟相比，吸烟8+2次/试吸一次后，对音乐的反应增加(p<；0.005)，但在0+2/试吸后没有增加。吸烟显著增加了对高偏好音乐的强化反应(p=.01)，而不是对中等或低偏好音乐，或对没有奖励的反应。戒烟在两个吸烟期之间没有不同，排除了戒断缓解作为差异强化增强的解释。我们的发现证实，戒烟后只抽一支烟就足以增强增强效果，并表明这种增强随着奖励的增强效果的幅度增加而更大。
Nicotine’s acute effects on enhancing reinforcement from sensory rewards, shown in animal models, appear to occur with smoking in humans. These effects may vary due to reinforcer magnitude and amount of acute smoke intake (dose). In a fully within-subjects design, dependent smokers (n=23) participated in 3 sessions. Each session followed overnight abstinence and involved 4 trials to assess responding via progressive ratio (PR50%) for sensory reinforcement from high, moderate, or low preference music, or no reward (counter-balanced, 30-sec/reinforcer). Sessions differed in smoking prior to each trial: 8 puffs on arrival and 2 puffs/trial (“8+2”), 2 puffs/trial only (“0+2”), or no smoking. Puffs were consumed via CReSS (Clinical Research Support System) to control topography, and smoking involved own brand to ensure palatability and increase generalizability of results. Reinforced responding was influenced by main effects of smoking condition (p<.05) and music reward type (p<.001). Compared to no smoking, responding for music was increased after smoking 8+2/trial puffs (p<.005), but not after 0+2/trial puffs. Smoking condition significantly increased reinforced responding only for the high preference music (p=.01), and not for moderate or low preference music, or for no reward. Withdrawal did not differ between the two smoking sessions, ruling out withdrawal relief as an explanation for differential reinforcement enhancement. Our findings confirm that just one cigarette after abstinence is sufficient for reinforcement enhancing effects and suggest that such enhancement is greater as magnitude of a reward’s reinforcing efficacy increases.
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