SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit induces neuroinflammatory, microglial and behavioral sickness responses: Evidence of PAMP-like properties.

SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit induces neuroinflammatory, microglial and behavioral sickness responses: Evidence of PAMP-like properties.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.007
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发表时间:
2022-03
期刊:
Brain, behavior, and immunity
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Maier SF
Maier SF
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Frank MG;Nguyen KH;Ball JB;Hopkins S;Kelley T;Baratta MV;Fleshner M;Maier SF

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SARS-CoV-2 感染会产生神经炎症以及神经、认知(即脑雾)和神经精神症状(例如抑郁、焦虑),这些症状在感染消退后可能会持续很长一段时间(6 个月)。产生 SARS-CoV-2 诱导的神经炎症的神经免疫机制尚未得到表征。提出的机制包括向大脑发出外周细胞因子信号和/或中枢神经系统的直接病毒感染。在这里,我们探索了一个新的假设,即源自 SARS-CoV-2 的结构蛋白 (S1) 作为病原体相关分子模式 (PAMP) 发挥作用,诱导独立于病毒感染的神经炎症过程。先前的证据表明,SARS-CoV-2 刺突蛋白的 S1 亚基在体外具有炎症性,并通过模式识别受体 TLR4 发出信号。因此,我们检查了 S1 亚基是否足以驱动 1) 行为疾病反应,2) 神经炎症反应,3) 体外小胶质细胞的直接激活,以及 4) 转基因人 TLR2 和 TLR4 HEK293 细胞的激活。成年雄性 Sprague-Dawley 大鼠在小脑延髓池 (ICM) 内注射媒介物或 S1。笼内行为监测(ICM 后 8 小时)表明,S1 减少了多种行为,包括总体活动、自我梳理和爬墙。 S1 还增加了青少年社交探索测试中的社交回避(ICM 后 24 小时)。 S1 增加和/或调节神经免疫基因表达(Iba1、Cd11b、MhcIIα、Cd200r1、Gfap、Tlr2、Tlr4、Nlrp3、Il1b、Hmgb1)和蛋白质水平(IFNγ、IL-1β、TNF、CXCL1、IL-2、IL-10),这些水平在不同大脑区域(下丘脑、 S1 治疗后的时间(24 小时和 7 天)。小胶质细胞直接暴露于 S1 会导致基因表达(Il1b、Il6、Tnf、Nlrp3)和蛋白质水平(IL-1β、IL-6、TNF、CXCL1、IL-10)增加。 S1 还激活 HEK293 转基因细胞中的 TLR2 和 TLR4 受体信号传导。综上所述,这些发现表明,源自 SARS-CoV-2 的结构蛋白可能作为 PAMP 独立发挥作用,通过模式识别受体参与诱导神经炎症过程。
SARS-CoV-2 infection produces neuroinflammation as well as neurological, cognitive (i.e., brain fog), and neuropsychiatric symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety), which can persist for an extended period (6 months) after resolution of the infection. The neuroimmune mechanism(s) that produces SARS-CoV-2-induced neuroinflammation has not been characterized. Proposed mechanisms include peripheral cytokine signaling to the brain and/or direct viral infection of the CNS. Here, we explore the novel hypothesis that a structural protein (S1) derived from SARS-CoV-2 functions as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) to induce neuroinflammatory processes independent of viral infection. Prior evidence suggests that the S1 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is inflammatory in vitro and signals through the pattern recognition receptor TLR4. Therefore, we examined whether the S1 subunit is sufficient to drive 1) a behavioral sickness response, 2) a neuroinflammatory response, 3) direct activation of microglia in vitro, and 4) activation of transgenic human TLR2 and TLR4 HEK293 cells. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intra-cisterna magna (ICM) with vehicle or S1. In-cage behavioral monitoring (8 h post-ICM) demonstrated that S1 reduced several behaviors, including total activity, self-grooming, and wall-rearing. S1 also increased social avoidance in the juvenile social exploration test (24 h post-ICM). S1 increased and/or modulated neuroimmune gene expression (Iba1, Cd11b, MhcIIα, Cd200r1, Gfap, Tlr2, Tlr4, Nlrp3, Il1b, Hmgb1) and protein levels (IFNγ, IL-1β, TNF, CXCL1, IL-2, IL-10), which varied across brain regions (hypothalamus, hippocampus, and frontal cortex) and time (24 h and 7d) post-S1 treatment. Direct exposure of microglia to S1 resulted in increased gene expression (Il1b, Il6, Tnf, Nlrp3) and protein levels (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, CXCL1, IL-10). S1 also activated TLR2 and TLR4 receptor signaling in HEK293 transgenic cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that structural proteins derived from SARS-CoV-2 might function independently as PAMPs to induce neuroinflammatory processes via pattern recognition receptor engagement.
DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4251
发表时间: 2020-09-25
期刊: SCIENCE
影响因子: 56.9
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