A review of the pharmaceutical exposome in aquatic fauna.
A review of the pharmaceutical exposome in aquatic fauna.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.012
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发表时间：
2018-08
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Barron LP
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Miller TH;Bury NR;Owen SF;MacRae JI;Barron LP
20多年来，药物一直被认为是“新出现的令人担忧的污染物”。在此期间，许多实验室研究试图确定危害并评估水生环境中的风险，而实地研究则使用先进的分析技术寻找目标候选人和发生趋势。然而，缺乏一个系统的方法来检测和定量的药物提供了一个支离破碎的文献的偶然的方法。要评估现有过多的人用和兽药的风险程度，就需要可靠地测量不同环境分区（水、沉积物、生物区系-其中生物区系在很大程度上被忽视）中污染物的痕量水平。因此，对地表沃茨和其他暴露介质中药物浓度的关注限制了水生野生动物中干扰物的表征以及对因果关系的理解。在这里，我们汇编了当前的分析方法和生物区系中的可用发生和积累数据，以回顾该领域的研究现状。我们的分析提供了证据，支持“马太效应”，并提出了关键问题，使用有针对性的分析物清单的生物监测。我们提供了六项建议，以刺激和改善未来的研究途径。介绍了药物在水生动物中的发生和积累情况。马太效应的证据来自有偏见的药物预选。现场与实验室得出的积累因素显示出很大的差异。肝脏和胆汁的特异性蓄积明显高于其他组织。对环境毒理学的发展提出了建议。确定水生动物中的药物代谢物组对于了解环境中的污染程度和潜在风险至关重要。
Pharmaceuticals have been considered ‘contaminants of emerging concern’ for more than 20 years. In that time, many laboratory studies have sought to identify hazard and assess risk in the aquatic environment, whilst field studies have searched for targeted candidates and occurrence trends using advanced analytical techniques. However, a lack of a systematic approach to the detection and quantification of pharmaceuticals has provided a fragmented literature of serendipitous approaches. Evaluation of the extent of the risk for the plethora of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals available requires the reliable measurement of trace levels of contaminants across different environmental compartments (water, sediment, biota - of which biota has been largely neglected). The focus on pharmaceutical concentrations in surface waters and other exposure media have therefore limited both the characterisation of the exposome in aquatic wildlife and the understanding of cause and effect relationships. Here, we compile the current analytical approaches and available occurrence and accumulation data in biota to review the current state of research in the field. Our analysis provides evidence in support of the ‘Matthew Effect’ and raises critical questions about the use of targeted analyte lists for biomonitoring. We provide six recommendations to stimulate and improve future research avenues. Occurrence and accumulation of pharmaceuticals in aquatic fauna is presented. Evidence of the Matthew Effect from biased pharmaceutical pre-selection. Field versus laboratory derived accumulation factors showed a large disparity. Specific accumulation is pronounced for liver and bile over other tissues. Recommendations for advancements within environmental toxicology are proposed. The determination of the pharmaceutical exposome in aquatic fauna is critical to understanding the extent of contamination and the potential risk in the environment.
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