Driving a decade of change: HIV/AIDS, patents and access to medicines for all.
Driving a decade of change: HIV/AIDS, patents and access to medicines for all.
复制标题
DOI：
10.1186/1758-2652-14-15
复制
发表时间：
2011-03-27
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
Moon S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hoen E';Berger J;Calmy A;Moon S
自2000年以来，发展中国家获得治疗艾滋病毒感染的抗逆转录病毒药物的机会大幅增加，覆盖了500多万人。这一成就的关键是抗逆转录病毒价格的大幅降低，这是全球政治动员的结果，为竞争性生产广泛专利药物的仿制药扫清了道路。1994年达成的全球贸易规则要求许多发展中国家首次开始提供药品专利。政府和民间社会对药品价格预期上涨的反应引发了一系列挑战这些规则的活动，最终形成了2001年世界贸易组织《与贸易有关的知识产权和公共卫生协定》的多哈宣言。《宣言》申明，应解释和实施专利规则，以保护公众健康和促进所有人获得药品。自多哈会议以来，60多个低收入和中等收入国家大规模采购专利药品的仿制药。然而，尽管有这些变化，一颗“治疗定时炸弹”仍在等待着我们。首先，越来越多的人需要获得较新的抗逆转录病毒药物，但治疗成本正在上升，因为新的抗逆转录病毒药物很可能在发展中国家获得更广泛的专利。其次，在一些发展中国家，生产或进口专利药品仿制药的政策空间正在缩小。第三，药品资金远远不能满足需求。需要更广泛地利用专利法中现有的灵活性和新的模式，以应对第二波获得药物危机。一个有希望的新机制是国际药品采购机制支持的药品专利库，该机制寻求便利获得专利，以使具有竞争力的仿制药生产和改进产品的开发成为可能。由于过去十年的艾滋病运动，这样的创新方法在今天是可能的。然而，药库只是确保所有人获得药品所需的一系列广泛政策之一；其他关键措施包括充足和可靠的融资、针对资源匮乏环境使用的新产品的研究和开发以及专利法的灵活性。各国政府必须履行其义务，将获得药品作为人权健康权的一个基本组成部分加以保护。
Since 2000, access to antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV infection has dramatically increased to reach more than five million people in developing countries. Essential to this achievement was the dramatic reduction in antiretroviral prices, a result of global political mobilization that cleared the way for competitive production of generic versions of widely patented medicines. Global trade rules agreed upon in 1994 required many developing countries to begin offering patents on medicines for the first time. Government and civil society reaction to expected increases in drug prices precipitated a series of events challenging these rules, culminating in the 2001 World Trade Organization's Doha Declaration on the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and Public Health. The Declaration affirmed that patent rules should be interpreted and implemented to protect public health and to promote access to medicines for all. Since Doha, more than 60 low- and middle-income countries have procured generic versions of patented medicines on a large scale. Despite these changes, however, a "treatment timebomb" awaits. First, increasing numbers of people need access to newer antiretrovirals, but treatment costs are rising since new ARVs are likely to be more widely patented in developing countries. Second, policy space to produce or import generic versions of patented medicines is shrinking in some developing countries. Third, funding for medicines is falling far short of needs. Expanded use of the existing flexibilities in patent law and new models to address the second wave of the access to medicines crisis are required. One promising new mechanism is the UNITAID-supported Medicines Patent Pool, which seeks to facilitate access to patents to enable competitive generic medicines production and the development of improved products. Such innovative approaches are possible today due to the previous decade of AIDS activism. However, the Pool is just one of a broad set of policies needed to ensure access to medicines for all; other key measures include sufficient and reliable financing, research and development of new products targeted for use in resource-poor settings, and use of patent law flexibilities. Governments must live up to their obligations to protect access to medicines as a fundamental component of the human right to health.
登录
查看更多内容
DOI：
10.2174/1874613601004020033
发表时间：
2010-01-19
期刊：
The open AIDS journal
影响因子：
--
作者：
Childs, Michelle
通讯作者：
Childs, Michelle
DOI：
10.2174/1874613601004020037
发表时间：
2010-01-19
期刊：
The open AIDS journal
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bermudez J;'t Hoen E
通讯作者：
't Hoen E
影响因子：
120.7
作者：
Attaran, A;Gillespie-White, L
通讯作者：
Gillespie-White, L
影响因子：
10.7
作者：
Chaudhuri, Shubham;Goldberg, Pinelopi K.;Jia, Panle
通讯作者：
Jia, Panle
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Bond, P
通讯作者：
Bond, P