How Rising Powers Create Governance Gaps: The Case of Export Credit and the Environment
How Rising Powers Create Governance Gaps: The Case of Export Credit and the Environment
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崛起大国如何造成治理差距：出口信贷与环境案例
DOI：
10.1162/glep_a_00490
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Hopewell K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hopewell K
本文分析了新兴大国如何影响贸易和环境交汇的全球治理的一个重要领域：出口信贷。国家支持的出口信贷机构在资助大型基础设施和能源项目方面发挥着重要作用，特别是在发展中国家。这些项目中有许多具有重大的环境影响，但学术界对其治理的关注很少。自1990年代以来，通过经合组织关于出口信贷的安排以及环境和社会尽职调查的共同办法，逐步扩大和加强了对环境评估机构环境做法的全球治理。然而，印度和中国等新兴大国最近大幅增加了出口信贷供应，这些国家既不是经合组织成员国，也不受《安排》或《共同方法》的约束。在这篇文章中，我认为现有的治理机制没有跟上出口信贷快速变化的格局。通过印度为孟加拉国兰帕尔燃煤电厂提供资金的案例，我表明，出口信贷的环境治理问题越来越多地延伸到经合组织发达工业化国家之外。新兴大国提供的出口信贷数额庞大且不断增长，未能涵盖这些信贷，这是出口信贷环境治理制度的一个重大缺口。
This article analyzes how rising powers are affecting an important area of global governance at the intersection of trade and environment: export credit. State-backed export credit agencies (ECAs) play a major role in financing large infrastructure and energy projects, particularly in developing countries. Many of these projects carry significant environmental implications, yet there has been little scholarly attention to their governance. Since the 1990s, global governance of the environmental practices of ECAs has been progressively expanded and strengthened via the OECD Arrangement on export credit and Common Approaches for environmental and social due diligence. Recently, however, there has been a dramatic increase in export credit provision by rising powers, such as India and China, who are not members of the OECD nor subject to the Arrangement or Common Approaches. In this article, I argue that existing governance mechanisms have not caught up with the rapidly changing landscape of export credit. Drawing on the case of India’s financing for the Rampal coal-fired power plant in Bangladesh, I show that the problem of environmental governance for export credit increasingly extends beyond the advanced-industrialized states of the OECD. The failure to cover the large and growing volume of export credit provided by the emerging powers represents a major gap in the established system of environmental governance for export credit.
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