Development of a cognitive bias methodology for measuring low mood in chimpanzees.
Development of a cognitive bias methodology for measuring low mood in chimpanzees.
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作者：
Bateson M;Nettle D
在伦理和科学上都需要客观、有效的方法来衡量圈养黑猩猩的情绪低落。我们描述了一项新的认知任务的开发，该任务旨在测量对奖励期望判断的悲观偏见，这是一种先前在广泛的物种中验证的低情绪认知标记，并报告了三种常见黑猩猩(泛黑猩猩)的训练和测试数据。这些黑猩猩接受了任意视觉辨别能力的训练，在这种视觉辨别中，抬起淡灰色的纸筒与用花生强化有关，而抬起深灰色的筒与没有奖励有关。辨别能力是通过依次呈现两种锥体类型来训练的，直到接触锥体类型的潜伏期出现显著差异，并通过在选择试验中同时呈现两种锥体类型来证实。随后，受试者接受了潜伏期测试，测试他们触摸三种以前没有见过的中间灰色色调的无奖赏锥体的潜伏期。接触中间锥体的潜伏期与接触训练有素的、未强化的深灰色视锥的潜伏期之间的相似性表明了悲观情绪。三名受试者完成了训练和测试，两名成年男性和一名成年女性。所有受试者都学会了辨别(107-240次试验)，并在五次测试中保持了这种辨别能力。没有证据表明，举起中间锥体的潜伏期在测试过程中会增加，如果受试者了解到这些中间锥体从未得到奖励，就会发生这种情况，这表明这项任务可以用于对单个动物的重复测试。在第二次测试后出现的接触中间锥体的相对潜伏期(悲观指数)，受试者之间存在显著差异，并且不会因进一步的数据增加而改变。最具支配性的男性受试者最不悲观，女性受试者最悲观。我们认为，这项任务有可能被用来评估黑猩猩情绪低落亚临床水平的纵向变化，然而需要对更大的动物样本进行进一步的工作来验证这一说法。
There is an ethical and scientific need for objective, well-validated measures of low mood in captive chimpanzees. We describe the development of a novel cognitive task designed to measure ‘pessimistic’ bias in judgments of expectation of reward, a cognitive marker of low mood previously validated in a wide range of species, and report training and test data from three common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). The chimpanzees were trained on an arbitrary visual discrimination in which lifting a pale grey paper cone was associated with reinforcement with a peanut, whereas lifting a dark grey cone was associated with no reward. The discrimination was trained by sequentially presenting the two cone types until significant differences in latency to touch the cone types emerged, and was confirmed by simultaneously presenting both cone types in choice trials. Subjects were subsequently tested on their latency to touch unrewarded cones of three intermediate shades of grey not previously seen. Pessimism was indicated by the similarity between the latency to touch intermediate cones and the latency to touch the trained, unreinforced, dark grey cones. Three subjects completed training and testing, two adult males and one adult female. All subjects learnt the discrimination (107–240 trials), and retained it during five sessions of testing. There was no evidence that latencies to lift intermediate cones increased over testing, as would have occurred if subjects learnt that these were never rewarded, suggesting that the task could be used for repeated testing of individual animals. There was a significant difference between subjects in their relative latencies to touch intermediate cones (pessimism index) that emerged following the second test session, and was not changed by the addition of further data. The most dominant male subject was least pessimistic, and the female most pessimistic. We argue that the task has the potential to be used to assess longitudinal changes in sub-clinical levels of low mood in chimpanzees, however further work with a larger sample of animals is required to validate this claim.
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