Vulnerability as a function of individual and group resources in cumulative risk assessment.
Vulnerability as a function of individual and group resources in cumulative risk assessment.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.9332
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发表时间：
2007-05
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Williams DR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DeFur PL;Evans GW;Cohen Hubal EA;Kyle AD;Morello-Frosch RA;Williams DR
风险评估领域的重点是保护个人或野生动物种群的健康免受单一风险（主要是化学品暴露）的影响。美国环境保护署最近开始在“累积风险评估框架”[EPA/630/P02/001F]中解决社区面临的多重风险。华盛顿特区：风险评估论坛，]。同时，一些报告得出的结论是，某些个人和群体比一般人群更容易受到环境风险的影响。然而，脆弱性在风险评估文献中很少受到特别关注。我们的目标是研究累积风险评估中的脆弱性问题，并提出一个概念框架，而不是对文献进行全面回顾。在本文中，我们考虑了生态社区和人类社区之间的相似性以及使社区容易受到环境风险影响的因素。文献提供了大量证据，证明单一环境因素和简单条件会增加人类和生态系统的脆弱性或降低其复原力。这一观察结果对于个人和野生动物群体尤其如此。很少有研究直接讨论累积风险情况下的脆弱性主题，特别是在社区层面。社区层面的组织尚未被充分考虑作为人类或生态风险评估的终点。此外，当前有关人类风险的信息并不能完全解释累积风险条件下的响应水平。对于累积风险的情况，生态风险情况同样更加复杂和不可预测。心理社会状况和反应是人类主要缺失的因素。我们提出了一个模型，将心理和社会因素纳入累积风险评估的组成部分。
The field of risk assessment has focused on protecting the health of individual people or populations of wildlife from single risks, mostly from chemical exposure. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recently began to address multiple risks to communities in the “Framework for Cumulative Risk Assessment” [EPA/630/P02/001F. Washington DC:Risk Assessment Forum, ]. Simultaneously, several reports concluded that some individuals and groups are more vulnerable to environmental risks than the general population. However, vulnerability has received little specific attention in the risk assessment literature. Our objective is to examine the issue of vulnerability in cumulative risk assessment and present a conceptual framework rather than a comprehensive review of the literature. In this article we consider similarities between ecologic and human communities and the factors that make communities vulnerable to environmental risks. The literature provides substantial evidence on single environmental factors and simple conditions that increase vulnerability or reduce resilience for humans and ecologic systems. This observation is especially true for individual people and populations of wildlife. Little research directly addresses the topic of vulnerability in cumulative risk situations, especially at the community level. The community level of organization has not been adequately considered as an end point in either human or ecologic risk assessment. Furthermore, current information on human risk does not completely explain the level of response in cumulative risk conditions. Ecologic risk situations are similarly more complex and unpredictable for cases of cumulative risk. Psychosocial conditions and responses are the principal missing element for humans. We propose a model for including psychologic and social factors as an integral component of cumulative risk assessment.
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影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Gee, Gilbert C;Payne-Sturges, Devon C
通讯作者：
Payne-Sturges, Devon C
影响因子：
3.1
作者：
EVANS, GW;JACOBS, SV;CATALANO, R
通讯作者：
CATALANO, R
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
CALDERON, RL;JOHNSON, CC;VALENTINE, JL
通讯作者：
VALENTINE, JL
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Baibergenova A;Kudyakov R;Zdeb M;Carpenter DO
通讯作者：
Carpenter DO
影响因子：
12.7
作者：
Acevedo-Garcia, D
通讯作者：
Acevedo-Garcia, D