Gastruloids: Pluripotent stem cell models of mammalian gastrulation and embryo engineering.

Gastruloids: Pluripotent stem cell models of mammalian gastrulation and embryo engineering.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.002
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发表时间:
2022-08
影响因子:
2.7
通讯作者:
Moris, Naomi
Moris, Naomi
中科院分区:
生物学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Arias, Alfonso Martinez;Marikawa, Yusuke;Moris, Naomi

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原肠胚形成是动物发育的一个基本和关键的过程,其中由受精卵增殖产生的细胞团将其自身转化为生物体的可识别轮廓。在过去的几年里,已经出现了许多基于胚胎干细胞(ES)的早期哺乳动物胚胎发生的实验模型。其中之一就是Gastruloid模型。类胃体是确定数量的ES细胞的聚集体,在确定的培养条件下,这些细胞经历受控的增殖、对称性破坏以及脊椎动物胚胎及其衍生物的所有三个种系特征的特化。然而,他们缺乏大脑结构,令人惊讶的是,揭示了细胞类型特异性基因表达和组织形态发生之间的脱节,例如在体节发生期间。类胃体细胞来源于小鼠和人类ES细胞,原始模型的几种变体已经出现,揭示了哺乳动物胚胎迄今未知的模块性。我们讨论的组织和发展的gastruloids的背景下,他们所代表的胚胎阶段,指出两者之间的相似之处和差异。我们还指出了它们作为一个可重复的,可扩展的和可搜索的实验系统的潜力,并强调了当前gastruloids动物园所提出的一些问题。
Gastrulation is a fundamental and critical process of animal development whereby the mass of cells that results from the proliferation of the zygote transforms itself into a recognizable outline of an organism. The last few years have seen the emergence of a number of experimental models of early mammalian embryogenesis based on Embryonic Stem (ES) cells. One of this is the Gastruloid model. Gastruloids are aggregates of defined numbers of ES cells that, under defined culture conditions, undergo controlled proliferation, symmetry breaking, and the specification of all three germ layers characteristic of vertebrate embryos, and their derivatives. However, they lack brain structures and, surprisingly, reveal a disconnect between cell type specific gene expression and tissue morphogenesis, for example during somitogenesis. Gastruloids have been derived from mouse and human ES cells and several variations of the original model have emerged that reveal a hereto unknown modularity of mammalian embryos. We discuss the organization and development of gastruloids in the context of the embryonic stages that they represent, pointing out similarities and differences between the two. We also point out their potential as a reproducible, scalable and searchable experimental system and highlight some questions posed by the current menagerie of gastruloids.
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