The genesis of cartilage size and shape during development and evolution.
The genesis of cartilage size and shape during development and evolution.
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DOI：
10.1242/dev.023309
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发表时间：
2008-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Schneider RA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Eames BF;Schneider RA
软骨元素如何获得其特有的尺寸和形状？软骨的图案化生长背后有两个密切相关的过程。第一个是组织发生，它需要将软骨产生为离散的组织；第二个是形态发生，涉及三维形态的起源。组织发生依赖于促进间充质细胞软骨分化的线索，而形态发生则需要赋予软骨阶段特异性（例如胚胎与成人）、区域特异性（例如颅骨与阑尾）和物种特异性大小和形状的信息。先前的实验表明，早期的程序事件和随后的信号相互作用使软骨间充质能够经历组织发生和形态发生，但产生软骨大小和形状的精确分子和细胞机制仍不清楚。在面部和下颌中，神经嵴衍生的间充质显然发挥着重要作用，因为该胚胎群体是软骨细胞和物种特异性图案信息的来源。为了阐明神经嵴衍生的间充质影响软骨大小和形状的机制，我们使用鹌鹑和鸭胚胎制作了嵌合体，它们的颅面解剖结构和成熟速度显着不同。将鹌鹑的神经嵴细胞移植到鸭子上表明，间充质通过控制先前和必需的分子和组织发生事件的时间，赋予软骨阶段特异性和物种特异性的大小和形状。特别是，我们发现间充质调节 FGF 信号传导和下游效应器（如 sox9 和 col2a1）的表达。神经嵴衍生的间充质能够自主协调软骨发生的时空程序，并在整个胚胎阶段和物种之间同时实现软骨的大小和形状，提供了一种连接个体发育和系统发育的新机制。
How do cartilaginous elements attain their characteristic size and shape? Two intimately coupled processes underlie the patterned growth of cartilage. The first is histogenesis, which entails the production of cartilage as a discrete tissue; the second is morphogenesis, which pertains to the origins of three-dimensional form. Histogenesis relies on cues that promote the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells, whereas morphogenesis requires information that imbues cartilage with stage-specific (e.g. embryonic versus adult), region-specific (e.g. cranial versus appendicular) and species-specific size and shape. Previous experiments indicate that early programmatic events and subsequent signaling interactions enable chondrogenic mesenchyme to undergo histogenesis and morphogenesis, but precise molecular and cellular mechanisms that generate cartilage size and shape remain unclear. In the face and jaws, neural crest-derived mesenchyme clearly plays an important role, given that this embryonic population serves as the source of chondrocytes and of species-specific patterning information. To elucidate mechanisms through which neural crest-derived mesenchyme affects cartilage size and shape, we made chimeras using quail and duck embryos, which differ markedly in their craniofacial anatomy and rates of maturation. Transplanting neural crest cells from quail to duck demonstrates that mesenchyme imparts both stage-specific and species-specific size and shape to cartilage by controlling the timing of preceding and requisite molecular and histogenic events. In particular, we find that mesenchyme regulates FGF signaling and the expression of downstream effectors such as sox9 and col2a1. The capacity of neural crest-derived mesenchyme to orchestrate spatiotemporal programs for chondrogenesis autonomously, and to implement cartilage size and shape across embryonic stages and between species simultaneously, provides a novel mechanism linking ontogeny and phylogeny.
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