Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Mediates PAR-Induced Bladder Pain.

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Mediates PAR-Induced Bladder Pain.
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DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0127628
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发表时间:
2015
期刊:
影响因子:
3.7
通讯作者:
Vera PL
Vera PL
中科院分区:
综合性期刊3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kouzoukas DE;Meyer-Siegler KL;Ma F;Westlund KN;Hunt DE;Vera PL

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巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子 (MIF) 是一种促炎细胞因子,在尿路上皮细胞中组成型表达,尿路上皮细胞也表达蛋白酶激活受体 (PAR)。尿路上皮 PAR1 受体被证明可以介导膀胱炎症。我们发现 PAR1 和 PAR4 激活剂凝血酶也介导尿路上皮 MIF 释放。我们假设刺激尿路上皮 PAR1 或 PAR4 受体会引起尿路上皮 MIF 的释放,该 MIF 作用于尿路上皮中的 MIF 受体,从而介导膀胱炎症和疼痛。因此,我们检查了特定膀胱 PAR 受体的激活对 MIF 释放、膀胱疼痛、排尿和组织学变化的影响。将永生化人尿路上皮细胞 (UROtsa) 暴露于 PAR1 或 PAR4 激活肽 (AP) 后,在体外测量 MIF 释放。雌性C57BL/6小鼠接受膀胱内PAR1-或PAR4-AP一小时以确定:1)一小时内膀胱MIF在体内的释放; 2)治疗后24小时腹部对冯弗雷丝刺激过敏(异常性疼痛); 3)治疗后24小时排尿参数; 4) 治疗引起的膀胱组织学变化; 5)使用实时RT-PCR观察膀胱MIF和MIF受体表达的变化; 6) 使用定量免疫荧光检测尿路上皮MIF和MIF受体、CXCR4、蛋白质水平的变化; 7)MIF或CXCR4拮抗作用。 PAR1- 或 PAR4-AP 触发体外人尿路上皮细胞和体内小鼠尿路上皮释放 MIF。膀胱内注射 PAR1- 或 PAR4-AP 后 24 小时,我们观察到小鼠腹部过敏,但排尿或膀胱组织学没有变化。 PAR4-AP 更有效,并且还增加膀胱 MIF 和尿路上皮 MIF 受体 CXCR4 的表达。膀胱 CXCR4 定位于尿路上皮。用 ISO-1 拮抗 MIF 可消除 PAR4 并减少 PAR1 诱导的超敏反应,而用 AMD3100 拮抗 CXCR4 仅部分阻止 PAR4 诱导的超敏反应。膀胱 PAR 激活引起尿路上皮 MIF 释放,尿路上皮 MIF 受体信号传导至少部分通过 CXCR4 进行,从而导致腹部超敏反应,但没有明显的膀胱炎症。 PAR 引起的膀胱疼痛可能代表间质性膀胱炎/膀胱疼痛综合征 (IC/PBS) 的一个有趣的临床前模型,其中疼痛发生时没有明显的膀胱损伤或病理。 MIF 可能是 IC/PBS 患者膀胱疼痛的新治疗靶点。
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is constitutively expressed in urothelial cells that also express protease-activated receptors (PAR). Urothelial PAR1 receptors were shown to mediate bladder inflammation. We showed that PAR1 and PAR4 activator, thrombin, also mediates urothelial MIF release. We hypothesized that stimulation of urothelial PAR1 or PAR4 receptors elicits release of urothelial MIF that acts on MIF receptors in the urothelium to mediate bladder inflammation and pain. Thus, we examined the effect of activation of specific bladder PAR receptors on MIF release, bladder pain, micturition and histological changes. MIF release was measured in vitro after exposing immortalized human urothelial cells (UROtsa) to PAR1 or PAR4 activating peptides (AP). Female C57BL/6 mice received intravesical PAR1- or PAR4-AP for one hour to determine: 1) bladder MIF release in vivo within one hour; 2) abdominal hypersensitivity (allodynia) to von Frey filament stimulation 24 hours after treatment; 3) micturition parameters 24 hours after treatment; 4) histological changes in the bladder as a result of treatment; 5) changes in expression of bladder MIF and MIF receptors using real-time RT-PCR; 6) changes in urothelial MIF and MIF receptor, CXCR4, protein levels using quantitative immunofluorescence; 7) effect of MIF or CXCR4 antagonism. PAR1- or PAR4-AP triggered MIF release from both human urothelial cells in vitro and mouse urothelium in vivo. Twenty-four hours after intravesical PAR1- or PAR4-AP, we observed abdominal hypersensitivity in mice without changes in micturition or bladder histology. PAR4-AP was more effective and also increased expression of bladder MIF and urothelium MIF receptor, CXCR4. Bladder CXCR4 localized to the urothelium. Antagonizing MIF with ISO-1 eliminated PAR4- and reduced PAR1-induced hypersensitivity, while antagonizing CXCR4 with AMD3100 only partially prevented PAR4-induced hypersensitivity. Bladder PAR activation elicits urothelial MIF release and urothelial MIF receptor signaling at least partly through CXCR4 to result in abdominal hypersensitivity without overt bladder inflammation. PAR-induced bladder pain may represent an interesting pre-clinical model of Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome (IC/PBS) where pain occurs without apparent bladder injury or pathology. MIF is potentially a novel therapeutic target for bladder pain in IC/PBS patients.
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