Outbreak of fatal childhood lead poisoning related to artisanal gold mining in northwestern Nigeria, 2010.
Outbreak of fatal childhood lead poisoning related to artisanal gold mining in northwestern Nigeria, 2010.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.1103965
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发表时间：
2012-04
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Brown MJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dooyema CA;Neri A;Lo YC;Durant J;Dargan PI;Swarthout T;Biya O;Gidado SO;Haladu S;Sani-Gwarzo N;Nguku PM;Akpan H;Idris S;Bashir AM;Brown MJ
背景：2010年5月，组建了一个由国家和国际组织组成的小组，调查尼日利亚西北部村庄儿童因铅中毒而死亡的情况。目的：我们的目标是确定儿童铅中毒爆发的原因，调查儿童死亡的危险因素，并确定需要紧急螯合治疗铅中毒的5岁以下儿童。方法：我们在两个受影响的村庄进行了横断面、挨家挨户的问卷调查，收集了2-59个月儿童的血液，并从家庭院落中获得了土壤样本。对调查、血铅和环境数据进行描述性和双变量分析。多变量逻辑回归技术用于确定儿童死亡率的危险因素。结果：共调查了119个家族化合物。在463名5岁以下儿童中，有118名（25%）在前一年死亡。我们检测了59%（204/345）的5岁以下儿童，所有儿童均铅中毒（≥10µg/dL）；97%（198/204）的儿童血铅水平(BLLs)≥45µg/dL，这是开始螯合治疗的阈值。金矿在三分之二被调查的家庭院落内进行加工。在多变量模型中，上一年因疑似铅中毒而死亡的重要风险因素包括儿童的年龄、母亲在矿石加工活动中的工作、社区和主要水源以及化合物中的土壤铅浓度。结论：高水平的环境污染、5岁以下儿童血铅浓度升高的比例（97%，血铅浓度为45µg/dL）和儿童死前惊厥的发生率（82%）表明，两个调查村庄最近的儿童死亡大多是由金矿加工活动引起的急性铅中毒引起的。控制措施包括环境修复、螯合疗法、公众健康教育和控制采矿活动。
Background: In May 2010, a team of national and international organizations was assembled to investigate children’s deaths due to lead poisoning in villages in northwestern Nigeria. Objectives: Our goal was to determine the cause of the childhood lead poisoning outbreak, investigate risk factors for child mortality, and identify children < 5 years of age in need of emergency chelation therapy for lead poisoning. Methods: We administered a cross-sectional, door-to-door questionnaire in two affected villages, collected blood from children 2–59 months of age, and obtained soil samples from family compounds. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were performed with survey, blood lead, and environmental data. Multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to determine risk factors for childhood mortality. Results: We surveyed 119 family compounds. Of 463 children < 5 years of age, 118 (25%) had died in the previous year. We tested 59% (204/345) of children < 5 years of age, and all were lead poisoned (≥ 10 µg/dL); 97% (198/204) of children had blood lead levels (BLLs) ≥ 45 µg/dL, the threshold for initiating chelation therapy. Gold ore was processed inside two-thirds of the family compounds surveyed. In multivariate modeling, significant risk factors for death in the previous year from suspected lead poisoning included the age of the child, the mother’s work at ore-processing activities, community well as primary water source, and the soil lead concentration in the compound. Conclusion: The high levels of environmental contamination, percentage of children < 5 years of age with elevated BLLs (97%, > 45 µg/dL), and incidence of convulsions among children before death (82%) suggest that most of the recent childhood deaths in the two surveyed villages were caused by acute lead poisoning from gold ore–processing activities. Control measures included environmental remediation, chelation therapy, public health education, and control of mining activities.
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DOI：
10.1007/s00128-010-0141-7
发表时间：
2010-11-01
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Kwaansa-Ansah, E. E.;Basu, N.;Nriagu, J. O.
通讯作者：
Nriagu, J. O.
影响因子：
158.5
作者：
Canfield, RL;Henderson, CR;Lanphear, BP
通讯作者：
Lanphear, BP
DOI：
10.1001/jama.1942.02830280016004
发表时间：
1942-05-01
影响因子：
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作者：
McDonald, JM;Kaplan, E
通讯作者：
Kaplan, E
低水平的环境铅暴露和儿童的智力功能：国际合并分析。
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Lanphear BP;Hornung R;Khoury J;Yolton K;Baghurst P;Bellinger DC;Canfield RL;Dietrich KN;Bornschein R;Greene T;Rothenberg SJ;Needleman HL;Schnaas L;Wasserman G;Graziano J;Roberts R
通讯作者：
Roberts R
DOI：
10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.03.003
发表时间：
2008-07-01
影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Meyer, Pamela A.;Brown, Mary Jean;Falk, Henry
通讯作者：
Falk, Henry