Meningeal cells and glia establish a permissive environment for axon regeneration after spinal cord injury in newts.
Meningeal cells and glia establish a permissive environment for axon regeneration after spinal cord injury in newts.
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DOI：
10.1186/1749-8104-6-1
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发表时间：
2011-01-04
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Odelberg SJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zukor KA;Kent DT;Odelberg SJ
蝾螈有非凡的能力再生他们的脊髓作为成年人。它们的脊髓在断尾后再生，以及在间隙诱导脊髓损伤（SCI）后再生，如完全横断。虽然大多数关于蝾螈脊髓再生的研究都集中在断尾后发生的事件上，但对SCI后发生的事件关注较少，这与人类SCI更相关。我们的目标是使用现代标记和成像技术来观察轴突在完全横断损伤中的再生，并确定损伤部位的细胞和细胞外基质如何有助于再生过程。我们确定了脊髓横断后轴突再生的阶段，并发现轴突在损伤处再生似乎是可行的，部分原因是脑膜细胞和神经胶质形成了轴突再生的容许环境。脑膜和内皮细胞首先再生到病变中，并与允许轴突生长锥迁移的松散细胞外基质相关。矛盾的是，这种基质由允许蛋白和抑制蛋白组成。轴突随后生长到损伤部位，并与脑膜细胞和从中央管周围的细胞体延伸的胶质突起密切相关。随后，衬有胶质细胞的室管膜管也延伸到病变中。最后，脑膜细胞、轴突和神经胶质作为一个单元移动，以闭合脊髓中的差距。穿过损伤部位后，轴突穿过白色物质到达突触靶点，尽管上行轴突再生，但感觉轴突似乎不在其中。即使在炎症反应存在的情况下，整个再生过程也会发生。这些数据详细揭示了蝾螈脊髓横断损伤后再生过程中发生的细胞和细胞外事件，并揭示了脑膜和神经胶质细胞在促进轴突再生中的重要作用。鉴于这些细胞类型相互作用，在哺乳动物中形成抑制性屏障，确定蝾螈允许行为的机制将为改善哺乳动物脊髓再生提供新的见解。
Newts have the remarkable ability to regenerate their spinal cords as adults. Their spinal cords regenerate with the regenerating tail after tail amputation, as well as after a gap-inducing spinal cord injury (SCI), such as a complete transection. While most studies on newt spinal cord regeneration have focused on events occurring after tail amputation, less attention has been given to events occurring after an SCI, a context that is more relevant to human SCI. Our goal was to use modern labeling and imaging techniques to observe axons regenerating across a complete transection injury and determine how cells and the extracellular matrix in the injury site might contribute to the regenerative process. We identify stages of axon regeneration following a spinal cord transection and find that axon regrowth across the lesion appears to be enabled, in part, because meningeal cells and glia form a permissive environment for axon regeneration. Meningeal and endothelial cells regenerate into the lesion first and are associated with a loose extracellular matrix that allows axon growth cone migration. This matrix, paradoxically, consists of both permissive and inhibitory proteins. Axons grow into the injury site next and are closely associated with meningeal cells and glial processes extending from cell bodies surrounding the central canal. Later, ependymal tubes lined with glia extend into the lesion as well. Finally, the meningeal cells, axons, and glia move as a unit to close the gap in the spinal cord. After crossing the injury site, axons travel through white matter to reach synaptic targets, and though ascending axons regenerate, sensory axons do not appear to be among them. This entire regenerative process occurs even in the presence of an inflammatory response. These data reveal, in detail, the cellular and extracellular events that occur during newt spinal cord regeneration after a transection injury and uncover an important role for meningeal and glial cells in facilitating axon regeneration. Given that these cell types interact to form inhibitory barriers in mammals, identifying the mechanisms underlying their permissive behaviors in the newt will provide new insights for improving spinal cord regeneration in mammals.
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影响因子：
2.7
作者：
BUTLER, EG;WARD, MB
通讯作者：
WARD, MB
影响因子：
6.9
作者：
Bader, Hannah L.;Keene, Douglas R.;Ruggiero, Florence
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
3
作者：
Hermanns, S;Reiprich, P;Müller, HW
通讯作者：
Müller, HW
DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2004.1475
发表时间：
2004-05-29
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Ferguson, MWJ;O'Kane, S
通讯作者：
O'Kane, S
影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Anderson JR;Jones BW;Yang JH;Shaw MV;Watt CB;Koshevoy P;Spaltenstein J;Jurrus E;U V K;Whitaker RT;Mastronarde D;Tasdizen T;Marc RE
通讯作者：
Marc RE