Redefining bacterial origins of replication as centralized information processors.
Redefining bacterial origins of replication as centralized information processors.
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DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2015.00610
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Taylor JA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marczynski GT;Rolain T;Taylor JA
在这篇综述中，我们强调真核生物和细菌之间的差异，就其不同的细胞周期，复制机制和基因组组织。最基本和未被重视的区别之一是细菌染色体只使用一个ori，而真核生物染色体使用多个ori。因此，真核oris在细胞周期中冗余地工作，分为不同的阶段：首先，无活性的复制蛋白在真核oris上组装，然后它们等待只激活ori结合和预组装的复制蛋白的条件（在单独的“S期”）。S期激活（没有重新组装）确保真核ori仅“发射”（开始复制）一次，并且每个染色体在每个细胞周期中始终仅复制一次。这种精确的染色体复制不需要在S期精确的多个ori发射。一个真核ori可以提前，延迟或根本不发射。单个细菌的ori没有这样的误差范围，而一个类似的不精确度是致命的。单一ori的使用并不更原始，这是一种完全不同的区分细菌的策略。我们进一步认为，强大的进化压力创造了更复杂的单一ori系统，因为细菌经历了极端和快速变化的条件。一个细菌ori必须快速地接收和处理大量的信息，而且是“实时”的，而不仅仅是“细胞周期时间”。将细菌口重新定义为集中式信息处理器至少做出了两个重要的预测：第一，细菌口使用许多尚未发现的控制机制;第二，进化上不同的细菌将使用许多非常不同的控制机制。我们回顾最近的文献，支持这两个预测。我们将重点介绍三个关键例子，并描述负反馈、磷酸中继和染色体分配系统如何调节染色体复制。我们还建议未来的研究和讨论使用复制蛋白作为新的抗生素靶点。
In this review we stress the differences between eukaryotes and bacteria with respect to their different cell cycles, replication mechanisms and genome organizations. One of the most basic and underappreciated differences is that a bacterial chromosome uses only one ori while eukaryotic chromosome uses multiple oris. Consequently, eukaryotic oris work redundantly in a cell cycle divided into separate phases: First inactive replication proteins assemble on eukaryotic oris, and then they await conditions (in the separate “S-phase”) that activate only the ori-bound and pre-assembled replication proteins. S-phase activation (without re-assembly) ensures that a eukaryotic ori “fires” (starts replication) only once and that each chromosome consistently duplicates only once per cell cycle. This precise chromosome duplication does not require precise multiple ori firing in S-phase. A eukaryotic ori can fire early, late or not at all. The single bacterial ori has no such margin for error and a comparable imprecision is lethal. Single ori usage is not more primitive; it is a totally different strategy that distinguishes bacteria. We further argue that strong evolutionary pressures created more sophisticated single ori systems because bacteria experience extreme and rapidly changing conditions. A bacterial ori must rapidly receive and process much information in “real-time” and not just in “cell cycle time.” This redefinition of bacterial oris as centralized information processors makes at least two important predictions: First that bacterial oris use many and yet to be discovered control mechanisms and second that evolutionarily distinct bacteria will use many very distinct control mechanisms. We review recent literature that supports both predictions. We will highlight three key examples and describe how negative-feedback, phospho-relay, and chromosome-partitioning systems act to regulate chromosome replication. We also suggest future studies and discuss using replication proteins as novel antibiotic targets.
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