Human breast milk and the gastrointestinal innate immune system.
Human breast milk and the gastrointestinal innate immune system.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.clp.2014.02.011
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发表时间：
2014-06
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Denning PW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jakaitis BM;Denning PW
肺部、泌尿生殖系统和胃肠道（GI）系统的上皮层和粘液分泌物都提供了复杂的机械屏障和对不断威胁人体的病原体的固有防御。有证据表明，这些系统并不是独立工作的，而是形成所谓的粘膜免疫系统，即组织、细胞和信号分子的集成网络。 1 在这 3 个系统中，胃肠道内壁提供了与外部环境最大的界面（200-300 平方米）。尽管长期以来人们认为肠道系统的存在只是为了食物消化和营养吸收，但现在人们知道肠道系统的职责是多种多样的，并且对宿主防御至关重要。这个令人惊奇的器官已经进化出一套复杂的防御系统，可以保护人体免受众多致病因子和数量惊人（1×1014 CFU）的共生细菌的持续威胁。 2 在一生中，这一功能在出生后不久最为重要。婴儿突然接触子宫外的生活并接触抗原，迫使胃肠道迅速适应并开始其关键职责。但新生儿的适应性免疫系统还很幼稚，免疫发育的不成熟使新生儿处于脆弱状态，严重感染的风险增加。肠道先天免疫系统的组成部分不依赖于记忆，可以通过预先形成的非特异性反应发挥作用。建议在生命的前 6 个月内仅用母乳喂养3，并提供独特的成分和营养，从而为新生儿提供最佳的营养、生长和发育。 4 在过去的几千年里，人们时不时地注意到母乳的好处及其与健康婴儿的关系。 5 1934 年，Grulee 及其同事6 发现，与母乳喂养的婴儿相比，配方奶喂养的婴儿的发病率和死亡率更高。最近，母乳与坏死性小肠结肠炎 (NEC)、7 胃肠炎、8 发病率降低有关
The epithelial layers and mucus secretions of the pulmonary, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal (GI) systems all provide a complex mechanical barrier and an inherent defense against pathogens that constantly threaten the human body. Evidence suggests that these systems do not work independently, but form what is referred to as the mucosal immunologic system, an integrated network of tissue, cells, and signaling molecules. 1 Of the 3 systems, the lining of the GI tract provides the largest interface with the external environment (200–300 m2). Although it was long believed to exist solely for food digestion and nutrient absorption, it is now known that the responsibilities of the intestinal system are diverse and critical to host defense. This amazing organ has evolved an elaborate defense system to protect the human body from continuous threats of numerous disease-causing agents and commensal bacteria present at an impressive number (1× 1014 CFU). 2 At no time in life is this function more important than shortly after birth. The infant’s abrupt introduction to life outside the uterus and exposure to antigens forces the GI tract to adapt quickly and commence its crucial duties. But the neonate’s adaptive immune system is naive, and the developmental immunologic immaturity leaves the newborn in a state of vulnerability and at increased risk for serious infection. Components of the intestinal innate immune system do not rely on memory and can act with a preformed, nonspecific response.Feeding exclusively with human milk is recommended for the first 6 months of life3 and provides unique components and nutrients, leading to optimal nutrition, growth, and development of the newborn infant. 4 The benefits of human breast milk and its association with healthier babies have been intermittently noted over the past few thousand years. 5 In 1934, Grulee and colleagues6 showed that formula-fed infants had higher morbidity and mortality when compared with breastfed infants. More recently, breast milk has been associated with a decreased incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), 7 gastroenteritis, 8
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影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Ballard, Olivia;Morrow, Ardythe L.
通讯作者：
Morrow, Ardythe L.
影响因子：
5.1
作者：
Garofalo, Roberto
通讯作者：
Garofalo, Roberto
影响因子：
3.6
作者：
Buccigrossi, Vittoria;De Marco, Giulio;Guarino, Alfredo
通讯作者：
Guarino, Alfredo
影响因子：
5.1
作者：
BEAUDRY, M;DUFOUR, R;MARCOUX, S
通讯作者：
MARCOUX, S
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Adamkin, David H.
通讯作者：
Adamkin, David H.