Karina Pallagst — Substitute industries – panacea or false hope for shrinking cities?
Karina Pallagst — Substitute industries – panacea or false hope for shrinking cities?
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卡琳娜·帕拉格斯特（Karina Pallagst）——替代产业——收缩城市的灵丹妙药还是虚假希望？
DOI：
10.1080/02513625.2017.1341139
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Pallagst
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文献类型：
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作者：
Pallagst
在世界各地的许多国家，城市和地区都经历了结构转型，例如在旧工业化的“锈带”或周边农村地区。许多这些“萎缩的城市”不得不面对长期人口和经济变化的挑战。例如，在德国，人口结构的变化、出生率的下降以及德国统一的影响都是人口萎缩的触发因素。在美国，后工业转型导致了城市萎缩（Pallagst 2008）。这些城市有什么选择？许多城市都试图与萎缩作斗争，因此制定了各种政策和战略。一个有趣的事实是，人们对收缩的感知和接受方式在很大程度上影响着收缩城市规划方法的选择。在早期的出版物中，Pallagst et al.（2017）确定了收缩的感知或意识与用于应对衰退的策略之间的密切联系：策略的类型是“衰退作为恶性循环”，“扩张策略”，“维护”或“规划衰退”。替代产业作为一种战略，与“扩张战略”和“维持战略”交织在一起。城市已经经历了一个规模缩小的阶段，在这方面，它们的经验是，过去推动增长的行业类型（如采矿、制造业或钢铁业）在全球化和后工业化时代将没有复兴的潜力。相反，许多城市得出的结论是，在振兴经济基础方面，它们必须“多样化或灭亡”。然而，各种替代产业并不相同，由于城市环境复杂，没有一个单一的产业或经济部门可能适合所有城市，尽管许多城市已经尝试了沿着类似的计划进行振兴。最受欢迎的替代行业已经被测试和应用，包括旅游业，物流，文化，教育和医疗，高科技，以及更可持续的方法，在过去的十年，如绿色基础设施。在这些类型的产业中，Gnad，Ebert和Kunz mann（2016）研究了文化和创造力的分支。
In many countries all over the world, cities and regions have undergone structural transformation, such as in old industrialised “rust belts” or in peripheral rural areas. Many of these “shrinking cities” have to face the challenges of longterm demographic and economic change. In Germany, for example, changing demographics with declining birth rates and the effects of the German reunification have been triggers of shrinkage. In the US, shrinkage has been caused by post-industrial transformation (Pallagst 2008).What are the options for these cities? Many cities have tried to combat shrinkage and have thus developed a variety of policies and strategies. An interesting fact is that the way shrinkage is perceived and accepted largely influences the choice of planning approaches in shrinking cities. In an earlier publication, Pallagst et al.(2017) identified a close association between the perception or awareness of shrinkage and the strategies that are applied to deal with decline: The types of strategies are “decline as a vicious circle”,“expansive strategy”,“maintenance” or “planning for decline”. Substitute industries as a strategy are intertwined with both the “expansive strategy” and the “maintenance strategy”. Cities have gone through a stage of downsizing and in this respect their experience has been that the type of industry that fuelled growth in the past (such as mining, manufacturing or steel industries) will not have the potential to be revived in an era of globalisation and post-industrialisation. Instead, many cities have come to the conclusion that they must “diversify or perish” when it comes to revitalising their economic basis. However, the various substitute industries are not alike, and as urban settings are complex, there is no single industry or economic sector that would be a potential fit for all cities, although many cities have tried revitalisation along comparable schemes. The most popular substitute industries that have been tested out and applied include tourism, logistics, culture, eds and meds, high tech, as well as more sustainable approaches in the last decade such as green infrastructure. Of these types of industries, Gnad, Ebert and Kunz mann (2016) have investigated the branches of culture and creativity, for instance.
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