The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in infectious disease: history, criteria, and state of the art.
The role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in infectious disease: history, criteria, and state of the art.
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细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞在传染病中的作用：历史、标准和最新技术。
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-642-78530-6_1
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发表时间：
1994
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Oldstone,MB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Oldstone,MB
对免疫系统遗传缺陷儿童的观察表明，尽管如此，那些缺乏制造抗体能力的儿童仍能像正常人一样应对大多数病毒感染。这样的低丙种球蛋白血症儿童往往容易受到细菌感染。相反，儿童在启动细胞介导的免疫反应的能力方面存在遗传缺陷，或那些在晚年患上淋巴组织疾病的儿童往往容易受到一系列病毒感染(在Good 1991；Rich 1992中进行了回顾)。免疫系统由体液(抗体)和细胞(淋巴细胞、单核细胞、巨噬细胞)反应组成，这些反应通常协同作用，为宿主提供保护，使其免受入侵微生物的侵袭。虽然细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)在控制急性感染中也起着重要作用，但免疫主要用于提高和增强对表面病毒粒子上的糖蛋白或结构蛋白抗原的抗体反应。对持续感染的保护更为复杂。这些病毒与细胞相关，通常病毒表面糖蛋白的表达下调(Buchmeier和Welsh 1979；Oldstone和Buchmeier 1982；Lipkin等人)。(1989年)。在这种情况下，为了对抗病毒感染的细胞，抗体不能有效地裂解感染的细胞。需要数百万抗体分子以及补体系统的效应分子来摧毁病毒感染的细胞--这是一个无效的系统(Sissons等人。1979、1980)。为了更好地处理持续感染，有机体倾向于免疫反应的另一个效应臂，由淋巴细胞组成，它检测到感染细胞表面非常低水平的病毒抗原。这些淋巴细胞对病毒感染的细胞具有细胞毒性。事实上，根据推断，T细胞和CTL被认为需要不超过100个病毒蛋白(肽)分子(DEMOTZ等人。1990)用于激活。CTL可以识别细胞上表达的抗病毒抗体无法检测到的病毒序列。CTL对病毒的非糖基化的即刻早期或早期蛋白有效，这些蛋白在结构病毒之前许多小时转录。
Observations made on children with genetic deficiencies of their immune system reveal that those lacking the capacity to make antibodies nevertheless handle most viral infections as well as normal individuals do. Such a-or hypogammaglobulinemic children are often susceptible to bacterial infections. Conversely, children with genetic deficiencies in their ability to mount cell-mediated immune responses or those who acquire diseases of lymphoid tissues later in life are often susceptible to a range of viral infections (reviewed in GOOD 1991; RICHES 1992).The immune system consists of humoral (antibody) and cellular (lymphocyte, monocyte, macrophage) responses that most often function synergistically to offer the host protection from invading microbes. Immunization, primarily developed and used most successfully against agents causing acute infection in humans and domestic animals, has been focused toward raising and enhancing antibody responses to glycoprotein or structural protein antigens present on surface virions, although cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) also play major roles in the control of acute infection. Protection from persistent infection is more complex. The viruses are cell associated and often viral surface glycoprotein expression is downregulated (BUCHMEIER and WELSH 1979; OLDSTONE and BUCHMEIER 1982; liPKIN et al. 1989). In this scenario, to act against virus infected cells, antibodies are not efficient for lysing infected cells. Several million antibody molecules are needed, along with effector molecules of the complement system, to destroy virally infected cells-an ineffective system (SISSONS et al. 1979, 1980). To better handle persistent infection, the organism's preference is towards the other effector arm of the immune response, consisting of lymphocytes, which detect very low levels of viral antigen on surfaces of infected cells. These lymphocytes are cytotoxic for virally infected cells. Indeed, T cells and CTL by inference are believed to require no more than 100 viral protein (peptide) molecules (DEMOTZ et al. 1990) for activation. CTL can recognize viral sequences expressed on cells that antiviral antibodies are unable to detect. CTL are effective against nonglycosylated immediate-early or early proteins of a virus that are transcribed many hours before structural viral
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DOI：
10.1016/0272-0590(86)90160-0
发表时间：
1986-08-01
期刊：
FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
GAINES, TB;LINDER, RE
通讯作者：
LINDER, RE
缺乏脑单加氧酶活性的诱导性，包括对硫磷脱硫。
DOI：
10.1002/jbt.2570040111
发表时间：
1989
期刊：
Journal of biochemical toxicology
影响因子：
--
作者：
Chambers,JE;Forsyth,CS
通讯作者：
Forsyth,CS
影响因子：
5.8
作者：
FORSYTH, CS;CHAMBERS, JE
通讯作者：
CHAMBERS, JE
4-硝基苯基硫代磷酸二乙酯（对硫磷）体外代谢的研究。
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
R. A. Neal
通讯作者：
R. A. Neal
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
CHAMBERS, HW;CHAMBERS, JE
通讯作者：
CHAMBERS, JE