Energy Sources for Exosome Communication in a Cancer Microenvironment.
Energy Sources for Exosome Communication in a Cancer Microenvironment.
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DOI：
10.3390/cancers14071698
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发表时间：
2022-03-27
期刊：
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Chen HJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Thakur A;Johnson A;Jacobs E;Zhang K;Chen J;Wei Z;Lian Q;Chen HJ
肿瘤微环境中的外泌体通讯在癌症发展、进展和转移中起着至关重要的作用，并且通过与邻近细胞的短距离通讯或与远处器官的长距离通讯来实现。然而，外泌体如何获得能量以建立这种通信以及不同的能量来源尚不清楚。最近，一些研究已经证明了线粒体、三磷酸腺苷和糖酵解酶的存在，它们可能作为外泌体的潜在能量来源。这篇综述阐明了外泌体在细胞内通讯过程中如何保持其结构完整性和稳定性，并回顾了其能量来源的证据。 外泌体是重要的细胞外囊泡（EV），其直径约为30-200 nm。它们由大多数细胞类型在其细胞外环境中释放，并携带各种生物分子，包括蛋白质和核酸。外泌体越来越多地在包括癌症在内的各种疾病中被研究，这是由于它们在局部和远端细胞间通讯中的作用，其中它们可以促进肿瘤生长、癌症进展和转移。有趣的是，恶性癌细胞释放大量的外泌体，然后这些外泌体被自体和异源受体基质细胞如免疫细胞、癌症干细胞和内皮细胞吸收。所有这些事件都需要大量的能量，并要求外泌体保持稳定，同时有能力到达遥远的地点并跨越物理障碍。然而，关于外泌体的能量来源的研究还很缺乏，关于它们如何在肿瘤微环境（TME）及其他环境中保持运动性的问题仍然存在。此外，外泌体可以产生三磷酸腺苷（ATP），这是所有细胞所需的重要能量分子，线粒体已被确定为外泌体货物之一。这些发现加强了外泌体通过线粒体转移和靶受体细胞的生物能量学进行通讯的前景。在TME中，ATP和乳酸盐的积累可以促进外泌体进入癌细胞以促进转移，以及帮助靶向肿瘤部位的癌细胞。这篇综述强调了外泌体如何获得足够的能量在TME中茁壮成长并与遥远的生理目的地进行通信。
Exosomal communication in the tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in cancer development, progression, and metastasis, and is achieved by either short-distance communication with neighboring cells or long-distance communication with distant organs. Nevertheless, how exosomes gain energy to establish such communication and the different sources of energy are unclear. Recently, a handful of studies have demonstrated the presence of mitochondria, adenosine triphosphate, and glycolytic enzymes, which may serve as potential energy sources for exosomes. This review clarifies how exosomes maintain their structural integrity and stability during their intracellular communication, and reviews evidence of their energy source. Exosomes are crucial extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a diameter of approximately 30–200 nm. They are released by most cell types in their extracellular milieu and carry various biomolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids. Exosomes are increasingly studied in various diseases, including cancer, due to their role in local and distant cell–cell communication in which they can promote tumor growth, cancer progression, and metastasis. Interestingly, a tremendous number of exosomes is released by malignant cancer cells, and these are then taken up by autologous and heterologous recipient stromal cells such as immune cells, cancer stem cells, and endothelial cells. All these events demand an enormous amount of energy and require that exosomes remain stable while having the capacity to reach distant sites and cross physical barriers. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of research pertaining to the energy sources of exosomes, and questions remain about how they maintain their motility in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and beyond. Moreover, exosomes can produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an important energy molecule required by all cells, and mitochondria have been identified as one of the exosomal cargoes. These findings strengthen the prospect of exosomal communication via transfer of mitochondria and the bioenergetics of target recipient cells. In the TME, the accumulation of ATP and lactate may facilitate the entry of exosomes into cancer cells to promote metastasis, as well as help to target cancer cells at the tumor site. This review highlights how exosomes obtain sufficient energy to thrive in the TME and communicate with distant physiological destinations.
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