Bright light imagery does not suppress melatonin.
Bright light imagery does not suppress melatonin.
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明亮的光图像不会抑制褪黑激素。
DOI：
10.1034/j.1600-079x.2000.290109.x
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发表时间：
2000
影响因子：
10.3
通讯作者：
Brainard,GC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Byrne,B;Rollag,MD;Hanifin,JP;Reed,C;Brainard,GC
致编辑：使用各种物种的研究表明，环境光是调节昼夜节律、季节周期和神经内分泌反应的主要刺激[Wetterberg，1993]。对人类的研究已经证实，在24小时周期的黑暗部分期间的光的呈现导致如在血浆中测量的褪黑激素的抑制，并且褪黑激素抑制是暴露于光的强度、光谱、定时和持续时间的函数[Brainard等人，1997年]。虽然光是调节昼夜节律系统的主要刺激，但其他非光刺激，如社会线索、声音、温度、运动和条件刺激也可能影响生理计时功能[Lakin-Thomas，1997]。在经典的条件反射研究与大鼠，Golombek等。[1994]在光的存在下使用有限的水可用性作为条件刺激来夹带高褪黑激素水平。类似地，已经表明，在经典条件反射范例中，当中性、非光刺激与光刺激配对时，可以通过中性、非光刺激引起大鼠的细胞和行为昼夜节律相移[Amir和Stewart，1996]。这些动物研究表明，昼夜节律和神经内分泌系统可以经历学习过程，这些学习过程可以覆盖这些系统运行的通常环境信号。在人类中，心理意象已被研究为一系列生理反应的刺激，包括心率、听觉诱发电位的变化和运动皮层激活[Kunzendorf，1990]。更具体地说，对于视觉系统，已经发现生动的成像者在视网膜上经历固定大小的余像，并在视束中产生诱发电位，其随着想象光的强度增加而变化，然后降低[Kunzendorf，1990]。这些发现表明，暴露在想象光下的人类受试者可能能够抑制夜间高水平的褪黑激素。如果是这样的话，更高的处理在非光响应明亮的光的作用将需要进一步阐明;如果不是，一个安慰剂抗性元素的响应的人类有机体light.To测试的假设，人类松果体调节是易受认知，进行了两个实验，以确定是否光诱导的褪黑激素抑制可能被复制的明亮的光心理意象。选择催眠敏感性量表测量值高的受试者，因为参与心理意象的高度催眠受试者产生的反应在催眠敏感性低的受试者中没有发现[Wallace 1980;詹纳等人，1990年]。在第一个实验中，受试者是三名健康的女性志愿者，年龄在28-32岁之间，在斯坦福大学催眠易感性量表：C型[Weitzenhoffer和Hilgard，1962]中获得高分（8 - 11分）。参与者在睡眠实验室度过了3个晚上，间隔至少1周。每天晚上，在50分钟的实验操作之前和之后，通过静脉导管从肘前静脉抽取血液（10 mL（02：00至02：50）如下：夜晚1-在黑暗中醒来;夜晚2-醒来并面对荧光白色灯单元;第三夜-在催眠诱导期间在黑暗中醒来，并由作者提供明亮的光线心理图像的建议（BB）。血浆样品在-20 ℃下储存，用于放射免疫测定（RIA）。由6个荧光灯（Vita-Lite，Duro-Test，北卑尔根，新泽西州）提供光线，该荧光灯位于带有UVT漫射器的2× 4英尺固定装置中。受试者角膜的照度（距离光源3英尺）用美能达测量2500勒克斯...
To the Editor: Studies using a wide range of species have shown that environmental light is the primary stimulus for regulating circadian rhythms, seasonal cycles and neuroendocrine responses [Wetterberg, 1993]. Research on humans has confirmed that presentation of light during the dark portion of the 24-hr cycle results in suppression of melatonin as measured in blood plasma and that melatonin suppression is a function of intensity, spectrum, timing and duration of exposure to light [Brainard et al., 1997]. Although light is the primary stimulus for regulating the circadian system, other non-photic stimuli such as social cues, sound, temperature, exercise and conditioned stimuli may also influence physiological timing functions [Lakin-Thomas, 1997]. In classical conditioning studies with rats, Golombek et al.[1994] entrained high melatonin levels in the presence of light using restricted water availability as the conditioned stimulus. Similarly, it has been shown that cellular and behavioral circadian phase shifting in rats can be elicited by neutral, non-photic stimuli when they have been paired with light stimuli in a classical conditioning paradigm [Amir and Stewart, 1996]. These animal studies have demonstrated that the circadian and neuroendocrine systems can be subjected to learning processes which can override the usual environmental signals by which these systems operate. In humans, mental imagery has been studied as a stimulus for a range of physiological responses, including heart rate, changes in auditory evoked potentials and motor cortex activation [Kunzendorf, 1990]. More specific to the visual system, vivid imagers have been found to experience afterimages of a fixed size on the retina and to produce evoked potentials in the optic tract which varied in amplitude as an imagined light was increased and then decreased in intensity [Kunzendorf, 1990]. These findings suggest the possibility that human subjects exposed to imagined light might be able to suppress high nocturnal levels of melatonin. If so, the role of higher processing in non-photic responses to bright light would require further elucidation; if not, a placebo-resistant element of the response of the human organism to light would be identified.To test the hypothesis that pineal regulation in humans is susceptible to cognition, two experiments were conducted to determine whether lightinduced melatonin suppression might be duplicated by bright light mental imagery. Subjects measuring high on scales of hypnotic susceptibility were chosen, as highly hypnotizable subjects engaged in mental imagery produce responses not found in those low in hypnotic susceptibility [Wallace 1980; Jenner et al., 1990]. In the first experiment, subjects were three healthy female volunteers, ages 28–32, who had received high scores (between 8 and 11 points) on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C [Weitzenhoffer and Hilgard, 1962]. Participants spent 3 nights, separated by at least 1 wk, in a sleep laboratory. On each night, blood (10 mL) was drawn from the antecubital vein through an intravenous catheter before and after a 50-min experimental manipulation (02: 00 to 02: 50) as follows: Night 1—awake in darkness; Night 2—awake and facing a fluorescent white light unit; Night 3—awake in darkness during hypnotic induction and suggestions for bright light mental images provided by the author (BB). Plasma samples were stored at− 20 C for radioimmunoassay (RIA). Light was provided by six fluorescent lamps (Vita-Lite, Duro-Test, North Bergen, NJ) in a 2× 4 foot fixture with a UVT diffuser. Illuminance at subject’s cornea (3 feet from the light source) measured 2500 lux with a Minolta …
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