G-quadruplexes in pathogens: a common route to virulence control?
G-quadruplexes in pathogens: a common route to virulence control?
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.ppat.1004562
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发表时间：
2015-02
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Merrick CJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harris LM;Merrick CJ
除了经典的双螺旋结构外，DNA还可以形成多种二级结构：近年来备受关注的是G-四链体（G4）。这是一种稳定的四链结构，由鸟嘌呤碱基的四联体堆叠而成。最近的研究令人信服地表明，G4可以在体内和体外形成，并可以影响DNA的复制和转录。它们在富含G的端粒中也发挥重要作用。现在，一系列令人兴奋的报告已经开始揭示G4结构在人类几种重要微生物病原体毒力过程中的作用。有趣的是，它们来自不同的领域细菌、原生动物和病毒都以不同的方式促进免疫逃避。特别地，G4的作用已经被假定在细菌和原生动物的抗原变异系统中，以及在至少两种主要人类病毒（人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）和EB病毒（EBV））的沉默中。虽然抗原变异和潜伏病毒的沉默彼此相当不同，但两者都是免疫逃避和维持慢性感染的途径。因此，高度不同的病原体可以使用G4基序来控制DNA/RNA动力学的方式是相关的常见的毒力表型。这篇综述探讨了G4生物学在一系列重要的人类病原体的过程中的证据。
DNA can form several secondary structures besides the classic double helix: one that has received much attention in recent years is the G-quadruplex (G4). This is a stable four-stranded structure formed by the stacking of quartets of guanine bases. Recent work has convincingly shown that G4s can form in vivo as well as in vitro and can affect both replication and transcription of DNA. They also play important roles at G-rich telomeres. Now, a spate of exciting reports has begun to reveal roles for G4 structures in virulence processes in several important microbial pathogens of humans. Interestingly, these come from a range of kingdoms—bacteria and protozoa as well as viruses—and all facilitate immune evasion in different ways. In particular, roles for G4s have been posited in the antigenic variation systems of bacteria and protozoa, as well as in the silencing of at least two major human viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Although antigenic variation and the silencing of latent viruses are quite distinct from one another, both are routes to immune evasion and the maintenance of chronic infections. Thus, highly disparate pathogens can use G4 motifs to control DNA/RNA dynamics in ways that are relevant to common virulence phenotypes. This review explores the evidence for G4 biology in such processes across a range of important human pathogens.
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