Fruit shape diversity in the Brassicaceae is generated by varying patterns of anisotropy.
Fruit shape diversity in the Brassicaceae is generated by varying patterns of anisotropy.
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DOI：
10.1242/dev.135327
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发表时间：
2016-09-15
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Østergaard L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Eldridge T;Łangowski Ł;Stacey N;Jantzen F;Moubayidin L;Sicard A;Southam P;Kennaway R;Lenhard M;Coen ES;Østergaard L
水果呈现出大量不同的3D形状，从简单的球体和圆柱体到更复杂的弯曲形状;然而，生长的方向和协调机制产生这种多样性的形式尚不清楚。在这里，我们比较了两个非常不同的水果形状的生长模式和方向在菊科：心形的荠菜rubella silicle和近圆柱形的拟南芥角果。我们表明，通过结合克隆和形态分析，不同的形状涉及不同的模式，在三个阶段的各向异性生长。这些实验数据可以解释为一个组织水平的模型，其中指定的增长率在空间和时间上的变化，并通过一个proximodistal极性场取向。所产生的组织冲突导致组织在生长时变形。该模型使我们能够识别获得个体形状所需的组织特异性和时间特异性活动。一个这样的活动可能是由阀身份基因FRUITFULL，我们通过比较突变体分析，以调节两个物种的受精后生长的果实形状。这里提出的模型的简单调制也可以广泛地解释在其他菊科物种的形状的多样性，从而提供了一个简化的框架果实发育和形状多样性。总结：在菊科水果形状的多样性是基于当地的变化，在发展阶段改变方向的增长。
Fruits exhibit a vast array of different 3D shapes, from simple spheres and cylinders to more complex curved forms; however, the mechanism by which growth is oriented and coordinated to generate this diversity of forms is unclear. Here, we compare the growth patterns and orientations for two very different fruit shapes in the Brassicaceae: the heart-shaped Capsella rubella silicle and the near-cylindrical Arabidopsis thaliana silique. We show, through a combination of clonal and morphological analyses, that the different shapes involve different patterns of anisotropic growth during three phases. These experimental data can be accounted for by a tissue-level model in which specified growth rates vary in space and time and are oriented by a proximodistal polarity field. The resulting tissue conflicts lead to deformation of the tissue as it grows. The model allows us to identify tissue-specific and temporally specific activities required to obtain the individual shapes. One such activity may be provided by the valve-identity gene FRUITFULL, which we show through comparative mutant analysis to modulate fruit shape during post-fertilisation growth of both species. Simple modulations of the model presented here can also broadly account for the variety of shapes in other Brassicaceae species, thus providing a simplified framework for fruit development and shape diversity. Summary: The diversity of fruit shape in the Brassicaceae family is based on local variation of directional growth that alters during developmental phases.
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