Human and bovine viruses in the Milwaukee River watershed: hydrologically relevant representation and relations with environmental variables.
Human and bovine viruses in the Milwaukee River watershed: hydrologically relevant representation and relations with environmental variables.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.072
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发表时间：
2014-08-15
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Baldwin AK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Corsi SR;Borchardt MA;Spencer SK;Hughes PE;Baldwin AK
为了检测地表水中人类和牛病毒的发生情况、水文变异性和季节变异性，从2007年2月到2008年6月，对美国威斯康星州密尔沃基河流域的三个溪流位置进行了监测。监测点包括一个城市次分水岭，一个农村次分水岭，以及河口的密尔沃基河。为了收集表征水文周期变化的样本，开发了一种过程控制系统，用于延长持续时间的无人值守、大容量(如L 56-2800)过滤。该系统提供径流和延长的(24小时)枯水期期间的流量加权平均浓度。实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测到人类病毒和牛病毒的比例分别为49%和41%(n=663)。所有分析的人类病毒至少检测到一次，包括腺病毒(40%的样本)、胃肠道诺如病毒(10%)、肠道病毒(8%)、轮状病毒(6%)、胃肠道诺如病毒(1.6%)和甲型肝炎病毒(1.6%)。在分析的7种牛病毒中检出3种，包括牛多瘤病毒(32%)、牛轮状病毒(19%)和牛病毒性腹泻病毒1型(5%)。63%的降水和融雪径流样本中存在人类病毒，20%的低流量样本中存在人类病毒。人类病毒的最大浓度超过300个基因组拷贝/L，46%的降水和融雪径流样本中存在牛病毒，14%的低流量样本中存在牛病毒。最大牛病毒浓度为11个基因组拷贝/L。统计模型表明，径流、降水和季节解释了流域内人类病毒的变异性，水文条件(径流事件或枯水)和季节解释了人和牛病毒总和的变异性，但没有找到单独解释牛病毒变异性的模型。了解影响病毒在河流中的去向和传播的因素将有助于流域管理，以最大限度地减少人类接触和疾病传播。水文条件、降水和季节解释了病毒的变异性。人类和牛的病毒在径流期间比在枯水期更普遍。一个自动采样系统提供长期的水文相关样本。
To examine the occurrence, hydrologic variability, and seasonal variability of human and bovine viruses in surface water, three stream locations were monitored in the Milwaukee River watershed in Wisconsin, USA, from February 2007 through June 2008. Monitoring sites included an urban subwatershed, a rural subwatershed, and the Milwaukee River at the mouth. To collect samples that characterize variability throughout changing hydrologic periods, a process control system was developed for unattended, large-volume (56–2800 L) filtration over extended durations. This system provided flow-weighted mean concentrations during runoff and extended (24-h) low-flow periods. Human viruses and bovine viruses were detected by real-time qPCR in 49% and 41% of samples (n = 63), respectively. All human viruses analyzed were detected at least once including adenovirus (40% of samples), GI norovirus (10%), enterovirus (8%), rotavirus (6%), GII norovirus (1.6%) and hepatitis A virus (1.6%). Three of seven bovine viruses analyzed were detected including bovine polyomavirus (32%), bovine rotavirus (19%), and bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (5%). Human viruses were present in 63% of runoff samples resulting from precipitation and snowmelt, and 20% of low-flow samples. Maximum human virus concentrations exceeded 300 genomic copies/L. Bovine viruses were present in 46% of runoff samples resulting from precipitation and snowmelt and 14% of low-flow samples. The maximum bovine virus concentration was 11 genomic copies/L. Statistical modeling indicated that stream flow, precipitation, and season explained the variability of human viruses in the watershed, and hydrologic condition (runoff event or low-flow) and season explained the variability of the sum of human and bovine viruses; however, no model was identified that could explain the variability of bovine viruses alone. Understanding the factors that affect virus fate and transport in rivers will aid watershed management for minimizing human exposure and disease transmission. Hydrologic conditions, precipitation, and season explained variability of viruses. Human and bovine viruses were more prevalent during runoff periods than during low-flow periods. An automated sampling system provided hydrologically relevant samples over long durations.
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