Phasic and sustained fear in humans elicits distinct patterns of brain activity.
Phasic and sustained fear in humans elicits distinct patterns of brain activity.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.057
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发表时间：
2011-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Grillon C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alvarez RP;Chen G;Bodurka J;Kaplan R;Grillon C
当厌恶性事件发生的不可预测性比可预测性更强时，它们通常更容易使人衰弱。对人类和动物的研究表明，可预测和不可预测的厌恶事件分别会引起阶段性和持续性恐惧。对啮齿动物的研究表明，解剖学上相关但不同的神经回路可能介导阶段性和持续性恐惧。我们通过在三个虚拟现实环境中检查威胁的可预测性来探索人类的这个问题，其中一个是通过提示可预测地发出电击信号，第二个是无法预测但从未与提示配对的电击，第三个是没有电击。威胁引起的阶段性和持续的恐惧的证据，提出了使用恐惧评级和皮肤电导。利用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）的最新进展，我们能够进行全脑fMRI在相对较高的空间分辨率，仍然有足够的灵敏度来检测基底前脑的瞬态和持续的信号变化。我们发现，无论是可预测的和不可预测的威胁引起短暂的活动，在背杏仁核，但只有不可预测的威胁产生持续的活动，在前脑区对应的床核的终纹复合体。与动物模型假设皮层在产生持续恐惧中的作用相一致，在前额叶和额顶叶皮层网络中也发现了对不可预测的威胁的持续信号增加，与过度警惕有关。此外，不可预测的威胁导致腹侧杏仁核-海马区和膝前前扣带皮层的短暂活动，以及膝下前扣带皮层的短暂激活和随后的失活，边缘系统结构与情绪行为和应激反应的调节有关。与啮齿类动物的基本研究结果一致，这些结果提供了证据，表明人类的阶段性和持续性恐惧可能表现出类似的痛苦迹象，但似乎与人类基底前脑中不同的神经活动模式有关。
Aversive events are typically more debilitating when they occur unpredictably than predictably. Studies in humans and animals indicate that predictable and unpredictable aversive events can induce phasic and sustained fear, respectively. Research in rodents suggests that anatomically related but distinct neural circuits may mediate phasic and sustained fear. We explored this issue in humans by examining threat predictability in three virtual reality contexts, one in which electric shocks were predictably signaled by a cue, a second in which shocks occurred unpredictably but never paired with a cue, and a third in which no shocks were delivered. Evidence of threat-induced phasic and sustained fear was presented using fear ratings and skin conductance. Utilizing recent advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we were able to conduct whole-brain fMRI at relatively high spatial resolution and still have enough sensitivity to detect transient and sustained signal changes in the basal forebrain. We found that both predictable and unpredictable threat evoked transient activity in the dorsal amygdala, but that only unpredictable threat produced sustained activity in a forebrain region corresponding to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis complex. Consistent with animal models hypothesizing a role for the cortex in generating sustained fear, sustained signal increases to unpredictable threat were also found in anterior insula and a frontoparietal cortical network associated with hypervigilance. In addition, unpredictable threat led to transient activity in the ventral amygdala–hippocampal area and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, as well as transient activation and subsequent deactivation of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, limbic structures that have been implicated in the regulation of emotional behavior and stress responses. In line with basic findings in rodents, these results provide evidence that phasic and sustained fear in humans may manifest similar signs of distress, but appear to be associated with different patterns of neural activity in the human basal forebrain.
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在大鼠和人类中持续的恐惧：恐惧与焦虑中的杏仁核的作用。
DOI：
10.1038/npp.2009.109
发表时间：
2010-01
期刊：
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
影响因子：
--
作者：
通讯作者：
--
影响因子：
5.7
作者：
Bellgowan, PSF;Bandettini, PA;Bodurka, J
通讯作者：
Bodurka, J
影响因子：
2
作者：
Calandreau, L;Desmedt, A;Jaffard, R
通讯作者：
Jaffard, R
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Drevets, Wayne C.;Savitz, Jonathan
通讯作者：
Savitz, Jonathan
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Bodurka, J;Ledden, PJ;Duyn, JH
通讯作者：
Duyn, JH