Vaccination policies in Europe: Common goals, diverse approaches and public doubts
Vaccination policies in Europe: Common goals, diverse approaches and public doubts
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欧洲疫苗接种政策：共同目标、多样化方法和公众质疑
DOI：
10.1002/eji.201870015
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Petrarca L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Petrarca L
使用疫苗来限制传染病的传播是在世纪早期从非洲和亚洲引入欧洲的。天花疫苗（英语：Variolation）是一种预防天花全面爆发的疫苗，并不完全是良性或安全的：2-3%的天花疫苗接种者死于天花，相比之下，20-30%的天花疫苗接种者死于天花。此外，天花患者还可能将天花传染给他人。天花疫苗是如何起作用的还不清楚。有可能，由于途径或剂量的原因，故意通过皮肤从一个人传播到另一个人的感染比自然感染的致命性要小。关于使用天花疫苗的早期记载来自著名的旅行家和探险家玛丽·蒙塔古夫人，她在东方旅行中目睹了天花疫苗的使用。她要求查尔斯·梅特兰医生给她两岁的女儿接种天花疫苗，她提倡使用天花疫苗的做法招致了相当多的批评。然而，这种做法慢慢地开始蔓延，因为它的能力，以防止全面爆发天花变得明显。（1749-1823，因描述杜鹃寄生产卵的生活方式而闻名，1788年，他被选为皇家学会的会员，他从那些挤奶女工的皮肤没有痘痕的农民那里了解到感染牛痘的好处，避免了天花的肆虐
The use of vaccination to limiting spread of an infectious disease was introduced in Europe in early 18th Century from Africa and Asia. Variolation, the practice of inoculating a child with smallpox in order to prevent full-blown attacks, was not wholly benign or safe: 2–3% of those variolated died of smallpox in contrast to the 20–30% who died after contracting smallpox naturally. In addition, variolated individuals could pass smallpox to others. How variolation worked is not exactly clear. Possibly, infection passed deliberately from one person to another via the skin is less lethal than natural infection because of the route or dose. An early account of the use of variolation was from the renowned traveller and explorer Lady Mary Montagu, who had witnessed the use of variolation in her eastern travels. She asked Dr Charles Maitland to variolate her two-year-old daughter and her advocacy of the use of variolation attracted considerable criticism. However, the practice slowly began to spread as its ability to protect against full-blown smallpox became apparent.In seeking a more benign method of prevention, Edward Jenner (1749–1823, already famous for his description of the parasitic egg-laying lifestyle of the cuckoo, leading to his election as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1788) learnt of the benefits of infection with cowpox from farmers whose milkmaids had pockmark-free skin, having avoided the ravages of smallpox.
疫苗学问题：当前挑战和未来方向
影响因子：
5.4
作者：
D. Sheerin;P. Openshaw;A. Pollard
通讯作者：
A. Pollard
影响因子：
5.5
作者：
Datta SS;O'Connor PM;Jankovic D;Muscat M;Ben Mamou MC;Singh S;Kaloumenos T;Reef S;Papania M;Butler R
通讯作者：
Butler R