Activation of remote meta-C-H bonds assisted by an end-on template.

Activation of remote meta-C-H bonds assisted by an end-on template.
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DOI:
10.1038/nature11158
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发表时间:
2012-06-27
期刊:
影响因子:
64.8
通讯作者:
Yu, Jin-Quan
Yu, Jin-Quan
中科院分区:
综合性期刊1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Leow, Dasheng;Li, Gang;Mei, Tian-Sheng;Yu, Jin-Quan

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在具有多个不等价C-H键的分子中控制C-H活化的位置选择性是发展合成有用的C-H活化反应的最重要的挑战之一。一种广泛使用的方法是利用σ-螯合导向基团通过构象刚性的五元或六元环前过渡态(TS)来实现邻位选择性。我们设想,一种能够通过大环环番环状前TS将催化剂输送到以前无法接近的远端meta-C-H键的“端-上”螯合模板可以克服传统邻位导向基团施加的限制。在此,我们报道了一类易于移除的含腈模板,其直接激活了系链芳烃的远端的间位C-H键(≥10键)。我们将这种新的C-H活化模式归因于线性氰基与金属中心的弱“末端”配位,正如Schwarz以前在研究气相中烷基腈的远程C-H活化时所观察到的那样。配位几何构型缓解了meta-C-H活化事件的类环烷预跃迁状态的应变。值得注意的是,该模板用两类广泛使用的芳烃底物(甲苯衍生物和氢肉桂酸)覆盖了电子和空间偏向以及邻位定向效应,从而构成了一种全新的定向C-H活化模式,预计将被广泛采用。
Controlling positional selectivity of C–H activation in molecules possessing multiple inequivalent C–H bonds is one of the most important challenges in developing synthetically useful C–H activation reactions. One widely used approach utilizes σ-chelating directing groups to achieve ortho-selectivity through conformational rigid five- or six-membered cyclic pre-transition states (TS). We envisioned that an “end-on” chelating template capable of delivering catalysts to previously inaccessible remote meta-C–H bonds via a macrocyclic cyclophane-like pre-TS could overcome the limitations imposed by traditional ortho-directing groups. Herein, we report a class of readily removable nitrile-containing templates that direct the activation of distal meta-C–H bonds (≥ 10 bonds away) of a tethered arene. We attribute this new mode of C–H activation to the weak “end-on” coordination of the linear nitrile group to metal center, as previously observed by Schwarz in the study of remote C–H activation of alkyl nitriles in gas phase. The coordination geometry relieves the strain of the cyclophane-like pre-transition state of the meta-C–H activation event. Remarkably, this template overrides electronic and steric biases and ortho-directing effects with two broadly useful classes of arene substrates (toluene derivatives and hydrocinnamic acids), thus constituting a fundamentally new mode of directed C–H activation that is anticipated to be widely adopted.
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