How Many Clocks, How Many Times? On the Sensory Basis and Computational Challenges of Circadian Systems.
How Many Clocks, How Many Times? On the Sensory Basis and Computational Challenges of Circadian Systems.
复制标题
多少钟，多少次？在感官和计算挑战的基础上。
DOI：
10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00211
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Albert JT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Somers J;Harper REF;Albert JT
对于每一个生物体来说，一项至关重要的任务不仅是决定做什么，而且是决定什么时候做。出于这个原因，“生物钟”在几乎所有形式的生命中都得到了进化。从概念上讲，生物钟可以分为两个功能域;自主振荡器创建一个约24小时的自我维持的节奏和感官机械解释外部信息，以改变自主振荡的相位。正是通过这种简单的设计，外部刺激（例如日光）的变化可以改变我们的时间感。然而，时钟的简单性仅限于其基本概念。在后生动物中，多种外部和内部刺激，从光到温度，甚至新陈代谢都被证明会影响生物钟时间。这就提出了线索整合的基本问题：如何将许多可能相互冲突的信息源结合起来，以感知一天中的某个时间？此外，个别刺激，往往是通过各种感官途径检测。一些感觉细胞，如昆虫的弦音神经元，为生物钟提供温度和机械信息。除了复杂性之外，动物的大脑似乎不仅有一个中央时钟，而且在身体的外围还有许多额外的时钟。目前尚不清楚这些“外围时钟”是如何（或是否）与它们的中央时钟同步的，或者两个时钟是否彼此独立地“滴答”。在这篇综述文章中，我们想离开概念简单的舒适区，并假设一个更全面的角度来看待生物钟功能。聚焦于果蝇的最新结果，我们将讨论生物体在跟踪时间时面临的一些感官和计算挑战。
A vital task for every organism is not only to decide what to do but also when to do it. For this reason, “circadian clocks” have evolved in virtually all forms of life. Conceptually, circadian clocks can be divided into two functional domains; an autonomous oscillator creates a ~24 h self-sustained rhythm and sensory machinery interprets external information to alter the phase of the autonomous oscillation. It is through this simple design that variations in external stimuli (for example, daylight) can alter our sense of time. However, the clock’s simplicity ends with its basic concept. In metazoan animals, multiple external and internal stimuli, from light to temperature and even metabolism have been shown to affect clock time. This raises the fundamental question of cue integration: how are the many, and potentially conflicting, sources of information combined to sense a single time of day? Moreover, individual stimuli, are often detected through various sensory pathways. Some sensory cells, such as insect chordotonal neurons, provide the clock with both temperature and mechanical information. Adding confusion to complexity, there seems to be not only one central clock in the animal’s brain but numerous additional clocks in the body’s periphery. It is currently not clear how (or if) these “peripheral clocks” are synchronized to their central counterparts or if both clocks “tick” independently from one another. In this review article, we would like to leave the comfort zones of conceptual simplicity and assume a more holistic perspective of circadian clock function. Focusing on recent results from Drosophila melanogaster we will discuss some of the sensory, and computational, challenges organisms face when keeping track of time.
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