Not adding up: free ridership and spillover calculations in energy efficiency evaluations

Not adding up: free ridership and spillover calculations in energy efficiency evaluations
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不相加:能效评估中的搭便车和溢出计算

DOI:
10.1007/s12053-020-09872-6
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
影响因子:
3.1
通讯作者:
Felder, Frank A.
Felder, Frank A.
中科院分区:
工程技术4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Froio, Zachary;Kumar, Pranay;Felder, Frank A.

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评估,测量和验证(EM&V)研究的一个关键因素,能源效率计划涉及估计净能源节省,占免费乘车,溢出和诱导市场效应。现有的文献认识到这些影响是显着的,并提供了详细的准则来估计它们。然而,这些准则与实际进行的实地评价之间似乎存在脱节。我们对2006年至2018年的120项研究进行的荟萃分析表明,大多数免费乘车和溢出估计都是基于调查结果,并以百分比表示。我们注意到,简单地将这些百分比数字相加而不将它们转换为一个共同的单位是不准确的,并且掩盖了计划的真实影响。此外,存在着广泛的命名,分类和方法来估计这些指标跨程序和司法管辖区的变化。我们对EM&V报告的散点图分析表明,除了少数例外,免费乘车和溢出不一定相互抵消。我们提出了另一种方法来估计免费搭车和溢出的能源单位与成本的美元计算,例如,作为计划参与者的总支付意愿和计划存在的总财务影响之间的差异。我们还认为,一个一致的,透明的,可靠的评估方法来估计免费乘车和溢出效应的程序和司法管辖区的基础上随机或准实验设计不仅会提高准确性,而且也将有更好的可比性,为知情的政策决定在未来。
A key element of evaluation, measurement, and verification (EM&V) studies for energy efficiency programs involves estimation of net energy savings that account for free ridership, spillover, and induced market effects. The existing literature recognizes these effects to be significant and provides detailed guidelines to estimate them. However, there appears to be a disconnect between these guidelines and field evaluations conducted in practice. Our meta-analysis of 120 studies from 2006 to 2018 indicates that most free ridership and spillover estimates are based on survey results and expressed in percentage terms. We note that simply adding these percentages numerically without converting them into a common unit is inaccurate and obscures a program’s true impact. Additionally, there exists wide variations in nomenclature, classification, and methodologies adopted to estimate these metrics across programs and jurisdictions. Our scatterplot analysis of the reviewed EM&V reports indicates that with few exceptions, free ridership and spillover do not necessarily offset each other. We propose an alternative approach to estimate free ridership and spillover in energy units with costs in dollar terms, e.g., as the difference between a program participant’s total willingness-to-pay and the total financial impact of the program’s existence. We also feel that a consistent, transparent, and reliable evaluation methodology to estimate free ridership and spillover effects across programs and jurisdictions based on randomized or quasi-experimental designs will not only improve accuracy but will also have better comparability for informed policy decisions in future.
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