Plant genetic engineering and genetically modified crop breeding: history and current status

Plant genetic engineering and genetically modified crop breeding: history and current status
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植物基因工程和转基因作物育种:历史和现状

DOI:
10.15302/j-fase-2017131
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发表时间:
2017-03
影响因子:
3.7
通讯作者:
Yuanhuai Han
Yuanhuai Han
中科院分区:
农林科学4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Xingchun Wang;Shujun Chang;Jie Lu;Rupert Fray;Don Grierson;Yuanhuai Han

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本文综述了自1983年首次使用Ti质粒进行基因转移实验以来,植物细胞遗传操作的主要进展。自从第一批转基因作物被开发出来以来,我们在科学认识和技术能力方面都取得了巨大的进步,这些转基因作物具有对除草剂、昆虫、病毒的单基因抗性,并使不需要的基因沉默。尽管世界上一些地区反对,但第一代转基因作物的种植面积已从1996年的1.7 Mhm增长到2015年的179.7 Mhm。自1996年以来,可用于转基因的工具包已经大大扩展,最近诺贝尔奖获得者呼吁绿色和平组织结束他们的全面反对,植物科学家敦促根据实际证据考虑转基因作物的好处。现在可以利用转基因培育新的作物品种,抵抗更广泛的害虫和疾病,并生产能够更好地适应气候变化的作物。基于CRISPR的新技术的出现使得人们有可能考虑基于新代谢途径和性状的转移来更广泛地改善营养质量,并具有更高的精度。转基因的使用,有时与其他方法结合使用,为在不断变化的世界中提高食品质量,安全和保障提供了巨大的机会。
This review charts the major developments in the genetic manipulation of plant cells that have taken place since the first gene transfer experiments using Ti plasmids in 1983. Tremendous progress has been made in both our scientific understanding and technological capabilities since the first genetically modified (GM) crops were developed with single gene resistances to herbicides, insects, viruses, and the silencing of undesirable genes. Despite opposition in some parts of the world, the area planted with first generation GM crops has grown from 1.7 Mhm in 1996 to 179.7 Mhm in 2015. The toolkit available for genetic modification has expanded greatly since 1996 and recently Nobel Laureates have called on Greenpeace to end their blanket opposition, and plant scientists have urged that consideration be given to the benefits of GM crops based on actual evidence. It is now possible to use GM to breed new crop cultivars resistant to a much wider range of pests and diseases, and to produce crops better able to adapt to climate change. The advent of new CRISPR-based technologies makes it possible to contemplate a much wider range of improvements based on transfer of new metabolic pathways and traits to improve nutritional quality, with a much greater degree of precision. Use of GM, sometimes in conjunction with other approaches, offers great opportunities for improving food quality, safety, and security in a changing world.
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