Democracy and its discontents: understanding Kenya's 2013 elections

Democracy and its discontents: understanding Kenya's 2013 elections
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民主及其不满:理解肯尼亚 2013 年选举

DOI:
10.1080/17531055.2013.874105
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发表时间:
2014
影响因子:
1.4
通讯作者:
Cheeseman N
Cheeseman N
中科院分区:
法学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Cheeseman N

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在2013年3月肯尼亚大选前的几个月里,肯尼亚国内和国际上都非常担心政治竞争会引发新一轮种族暴力。然而,2013年的选举基本上是和平的,尽管总统选举的结果出乎意料,而且失败的候选人拉伊拉·奥廷加向最高法院提出上诉。这篇文章认为,肯尼亚避免了政治动荡,由于四个相互关联的过程。戏剧性的政治重组将以前的竞争对手聚集在一起,并激励他们化解种族紧张局势;普遍的“和平叙事”使政治活动失去合法性,可能导致政治不稳定;部分民主改革赋予选举和政治制度新的合法性;新宪法意味着许多在总统选举中全国“失败”的选民在地方竞选中“获胜”。因此,这次选举为民主化文献提供了两个重要的教训。首先,渐进的改革进程可能在长期内产生更民主的政治制度,但在短期内,它们可以增强政治机构的力量。其次,在稳定的祭坛上牺牲正义有可能带来“消极和平”,这可能与一些社区日益增加的边缘化和排斥感有关,从而增加了未来发生动乱的可能性。
In the months leading up to Kenya's general election in March 2013, there was much concern – both within Kenya itself and internationally – that political competition would trigger a fresh wave of ethnic violence. However, the 2013 elections passed off largely peacefully, despite an unexpected presidential result and fact that the losing candidate, Raila Odinga, appealed the outcome to the Supreme Court. This article argues that Kenya avoided political unrest as a result of four interconnected processes. A dramatic political realignment brought former rivals together and gave them an incentive to diffuse ethnic tensions; a pervasive ‘peace narrative’ delegitimized political activity likely to lead to political instability; partial democratic reforms conferred new legitimacy on the electoral and political system; and a new constitution meant that many voters who ‘lost’ nationally in the presidential election ‘won’ in local contests. This election thus provides two important lessons for the democratization literature. First, processes of gradual reform may generate more democratic political systems in the long-run, but in the short-run they can empower the political establishment. Second, sacrificing justice on the altar of stability risks a ‘negative peace’ that may be associated with an increased sense of marginalization and exclusion among some communities – raising the prospects for unrest in the future.
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