One- to four-year-olds connect diverse positive emotional vocalizations to their probable causes.
One- to four-year-olds connect diverse positive emotional vocalizations to their probable causes.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1707715114
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发表时间：
2017-11-07
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Schulz LE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wu Y;Muentener P;Schulz LE
我们发现，很小的孩子就能对积极的情绪表达做出细微的区分，并将不同的情绪发声与其可能的诱发原因联系起来。此外，当婴儿看到不可能的情绪反应时，鉴于观察到的原因，他们会积极寻找隐藏的原因。结果表明，早期情绪理解并不局限于区分几种基本情绪或不同效价的对比；相反，幼儿对他人情绪反应的理解是微妙而因果的。这一发现对情感推理的神经和认知基础的研究以及早期社会关系的研究具有启示意义。理解他人感受的能力对人际关系至关重要。在这里，我们表明，儿童早期的情绪理解比以前认为的要复杂得多，远远超出了区分基本情绪或从积极和消极情绪中得出不同推论的能力。在一项强制选择任务中，2到4岁的孩子成功地识别出五种不同的积极情绪发声的可能原因，这些发声是由成年人认为有趣、美味、兴奋、同情和可爱的刺激引起的（实验1）。在12至23个月大的婴儿中，在18至23个月大的婴儿中进行了直接复制（实验2），在12至17个月大的婴儿中进行了简化设计（实验3；预先注册），得到了类似的结果。此外，12至17个月大的婴儿选择性地探索了不同的积极情绪反应，给出了不可能的原因（实验4和5；预先登记）。研究结果表明，到两岁时，孩子们就能在广泛的积极情绪中做出复杂而微妙的区分，并能推断出他人情绪反应的可能原因。这些能力可能在心智理论、社会认知和早期人际关系的发展中发挥关键作用。
We find that very young children make fine-grained distinctions among positive emotional expressions and connect diverse emotional vocalizations to their probable eliciting causes. Moreover, when infants see emotional reactions that are improbable, given observed causes, they actively search for hidden causes. The results suggest that early emotion understanding is not limited to discriminating a few basic emotions or contrasts across valence; rather, young children’s understanding of others’ emotional reactions is nuanced and causal. The findings have implications for research on the neural and cognitive bases of emotion reasoning, as well as investigations of early social relationships. The ability to understand why others feel the way they do is critical to human relationships. Here, we show that emotion understanding in early childhood is more sophisticated than previously believed, extending well beyond the ability to distinguish basic emotions or draw different inferences from positively and negatively valenced emotions. In a forced-choice task, 2- to 4-year-olds successfully identified probable causes of five distinct positive emotional vocalizations elicited by what adults would consider funny, delicious, exciting, sympathetic, and adorable stimuli (Experiment 1). Similar results were obtained in a preferential looking paradigm with 12- to 23-month-olds, a direct replication with 18- to 23-month-olds (Experiment 2), and a simplified design with 12- to 17-month-olds (Experiment 3; preregistered). Moreover, 12- to 17-month-olds selectively explored, given improbable causes of different positive emotional reactions (Experiments 4 and 5; preregistered). The results suggest that by the second year of life, children make sophisticated and subtle distinctions among a wide range of positive emotions and reason about the probable causes of others’ emotional reactions. These abilities may play a critical role in developing theory of mind, social cognition, and early relationships.
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影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1113380109
发表时间：
2012-02-28
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
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通讯作者：
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