Estradiol differentially affects auditory recognition and learning according to photoperiodic state in the adult male songbird, European starling (Sturnus vulgaris).
Estradiol differentially affects auditory recognition and learning according to photoperiodic state in the adult male songbird, European starling (Sturnus vulgaris).
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作者：
Calisi RM;Knudsen DP;Krause JS;Wingfield JC;Gentner TQ
激素的变化可以影响脊椎动物的多种学习方式。从局部的、快速的行动到更长期的、季节性的变化，成年人经历着大量激素在时间尺度上的波动。发育期间的内分泌变化会影响成年后的行为结果，但成人的学习如何受到成年期间经历的激素波动的影响尚不清楚。先前的报道暗示了性类固醇激素雌二醇（E2）与雄性和雌性脊椎动物的认知功能有关。在这里，我们研究了E2对雄性欧洲椋鸟（Sturnus vulgaris）听觉识别和学习的影响。欧洲椋鸟是光周期性的，季节性繁殖的鸣禽，根据每年白天长度的变化进行不同时期的繁殖活动。我们模拟了这些繁殖时期，特别是1。光敏性,2。2 .光刺激；改变白昼长度对圈养鸟类光抗性的影响。在每个阶段，我们控制循环E2并检查多种学习方法。为了控制循环E2，我们使用含有17-β E2和/或fadrozole （FAD）的皮下植入物，fadrozole是一种高度特异性的芳香酶抑制剂，可以抑制身体和大脑中E2的产生，并测量了鸟类学习和响应短的雄性同源歌曲片段（motif）的潜伏期。我们报告说，光刺激的鸟类给予E2比给予生理盐水对照或FAD有更高的反应率和更好的反应准确性。相反，光敏的动物接受E2治疗的反应准确性低于接受FAD治疗的动物。这些结果表明，循环E2和光周期如何相互作用，形成成人的听觉识别和学习，在不同的状态下驱动它向相反的方向发展。
Changes in hormones can affect many types of learning in vertebrates. Adults experience fluctuations in a multitude of hormones over a temporal scale, from local, rapid action to more long-term, seasonal changes. Endocrine changes during development can affect behavioral outcomes in adulthood, but how learning is affected in adults by hormone fluctuations experienced during adulthood is less understood. Previous reports have implicated the sex steroid hormone estradiol (E2) in both male and female vertebrate cognitive functioning. Here, we examined the effects of E2 on auditory recognition and learning in male European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). European starlings are photoperiodic, seasonally breeding songbirds that undergo different periods of reproductive activity according to annual changes in day length. We simulated these reproductive periods, specifically 1. photosensitivity, 2. photostimulation, and 3. photorefractoriness in captive birds by altering day length. During each period, we manipulated circulating E2 and examined multiple measures of learning. To manipulate circulating E2, we used subcutaneous implants containing either 17-β E2 and/or fadrozole (FAD), a highly specific aromatase inhibitor that suppresses E2 production in the body and the brain, and measured the latency for birds to learn and respond to short, male conspecific song segments (motifs). We report that photostimulated birds given E2 had higher response rates and responded with better accuracy than those given saline controls or FAD. Conversely, photosensitive, animals treated with E2 responded with less accuracy than those given FAD. These results demonstrate how circulating E2 and photoperiod can interact to shape auditory recognition and learning in adults, driving it in opposite directions in different states.
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