Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Morling Et Al. / Emphasis of Cultural Practices Cultural Practices Emphasize Influence in the United States and Adjustment in Japan
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin Morling Et Al. / Emphasis of Cultural Practices Cultural Practices Emphasize Influence in the United States and Adjustment in Japan
复制标题
人格与社会心理学通报莫林等人。
DOI：
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发表时间：
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期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Yuri Miyamoto
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Beth Morling;S. Kitayama;Yuri Miyamoto
人们既有能力影响环境，也有能力适应环境，但据说美国和日本对这些过程的强调不同。作者认为，美国人和日本人形成了不同的心理特征，这些特征与强调影响（在美国）和调整（在日本）的社会实践相协调。美国的参与者能记住更多、更近的涉及影响力的情况，而日本的参与者能记住更多、更近的涉及调整的情况。第二，美国制造的影响情境诱发了更强的效能感，而日本制造的调整情境诱发了更强的关联感。第三，美国人比日本人更有效，特别是在应对影响情境时。日本人比美国人感觉更亲密，尤其是在应对调整情况时。令人惊讶的是，美国的影响力也使人们感到与他人亲近，也许是因为他们涉及影响其他人。几位心理学作家已经注意到人类两种动机之间的潜在紧张关系：有效地对世界采取行动和调整自己以适应他人。例如，埃里希·弗洛姆（Erich Fromm，1941）认为，当人们获得自主权和个人自由时，他们可能会面临与更广泛的文化疏远和缺乏意义的感觉。精神分析学家奥托·兰克（Otto Rank，1932年）写道，当人们感到自主和控制时，他们有与他人隔离的风险，而当他们适应家庭或社区时，他们害怕个人自我的“死亡“。弗洛伊德有句名言：健康的人能够“爱和工作”（盖伊，1989）。根据这些观点，人们既想影响周围的事件和人，又想适应他人或社区。在当代心理学（Rothbaum，Weisz和Snyder，1982）中，这两种动机被研究为“初级控制”（对环境施加影响）和“次级控制”（调整自己以适应环境）的概念。这两个重要的动机既可以表现在情境行动中，如控制某个事件或适应某些环境，也可以表现在心理反应中，如效能或信任。此外，它们与跨文化的不同自我意识密切相关。因此，虽然影响行为增强了自我的独立性和自主性，但调整行为突出了自我与他人的相互依赖性和联系性（Kitayama & Markus，2000）。关于...
People have the capacity both to influence their environment and to adjust to it, but the United States and Japan are said to emphasize these processes differently. The authors suggest that Americans and Japanese develop distinct psychological characteristics , which are attuned to social practices that emphasize influence (in the United States) and adjustment (in Japan). American participants could remember more, and more recent, situations that involve influence, and Japanese respondents could remember more, and more recent, situations that involve adjustment. Second, American-made influence situations evoked stronger feelings of efficacy, whereas Japanese-made adjustment situations evoked stronger feelings of relatedness. Third, Ameri-cans reported more efficacy than Japanese, especially when responding to influence situations. Japanese felt more interper-sonally close than Americans, especially when responding to adjustment situations. Surprisingly, U.S. influence situations also made people feel close to others, perhaps because they involved influencing other people. Several psychological writers have noted a potential tension between a pair of human motives: to effica-ciously act on the world and to adjust oneself to others. Erich Fromm (1941), for example, argued that as people achieve autonomy and personal freedom, they are potentially faced with feelings of alienation from a broader culture and lack of meaning. Psychoanalyst Otto Rank (1932) wrote that when people feel autonomous and in control, they risk feeling isolated from others, whereas when they accommodate themselves to a family or community, they fear the " death " of the individual self. Freud famously said that the healthy person is able " to love and to work " (Gay, 1989). According to these views, people want both to influence the events and people around them and to adjust to fit in with people or communities. In one line of contemporary psychology (Rothbaum, Weisz, & Snyder, 1982), these two motives have been investigated as the concepts of " primary control " (acting on the environment in order to influence it) and " secondary control " (adjusting oneself to one's circumstances). These two important motives may be manifest both in situated action, such as controlling some event or adjusting to some set of circumstances, and in psychological responses, such as efficacy or trust. Furthermore, they are closely associated with cross-culturally divergent construals of self. Thus, whereas acts of influence enhance the independence and autonomy of the self, acts of adjustment highlight the interdependence and con-nectedness of the self with others (Kitayama & Markus, 2000). Research on …
“你可以尝试，也可以放弃”：感知控制和应对方式对童年思乡的影响。
DOI：
10.1037//0012-1649.33.3.508
发表时间：
1997
期刊：
Developmental psychology.
影响因子：
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作者：
Thurber,CA;Weisz,JR
通讯作者：
Weisz,JR
影响因子：
7.6
作者：
JOSEPHS, RA;MARKUS, HR;TAFARODI, RW
通讯作者：
TAFARODI, RW