Mechanisms of selective autophagy and mitophagy: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases.

Mechanisms of selective autophagy and mitophagy: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases.
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选择性自噬和线粒体的机制:对神经退行性疾病的影响。

DOI:
10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.015
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发表时间:
2019-03
影响因子:
6.1
通讯作者:
Chu CT
Chu CT
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Chu CT

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在过去的20年里,哺乳动物自噬作为一种非选择性降解系统的概念已经被否定,部分原因是在神经退行性疾病方面的重要发现打开了选择性自噬领域的大门。蛋白质聚集和线粒体损伤是大多数神经退行性疾病共有的关键病理标志。2007年,p62/SQSTM1作为第一个哺乳动物选择性自噬受体的里程碑式发现,定义了一个新的自噬相关蛋白家族,通过lc3相互作用区(LIR)-基序将蛋白聚集体、线粒体、细胞内病原体和其他物质靶向自噬机制。值得注意的是,LIR-motif蛋白p62 (SQSTM1)和OPTN (OPTN)的突变有助于家族性额颞叶痴呆和肌萎缩侧索硬化症。此外,lir基序蛋白的一个子集参与了由两个隐性家族性帕金森病基因引发的选择性线粒体降解。pten诱导的激酶1 (PINK1)激活E3泛素连接酶Parkin (PARK2)来标记去极化的线粒体进行降解。大量的文献描述了这一途径的关键机制,主要基于转化细胞系的研究。然而,pink1触发的线粒体自噬在神经退行性变中的潜在作用仍然是一个谜,特别是考虑到最近的体内线粒体自噬研究。线粒体发生线粒体自噬至少有三种主要机制:跨膜受体介导、泛素介导和心磷脂介导。本文综述了选择性自噬和有丝自噬的主要货物识别途径的主要特征,强调了它们在神经退行性疾病的发病机制或改善中的潜在影响。
Over the past 20 years, the concept of mammalian autophagy as a nonselective degradation system has been repudiated, due in part to important discoveries in neurodegenerative diseases, which opened the field of selective autophagy. Protein aggregates and damaged mitochondria represent key pathological hallmarks shared by most neurodegenerative diseases. The landmark discovery in 2007 of p62/SQSTM1 as the first mammalian selective autophagy receptor defined a new family of autophagy-related proteins that serve to target protein aggregates, mitochondria, intracellular pathogens and other cargoes to the core autophagy machinery via an LC3-interacting region (LIR)-motif. Notably, mutations in the LIR-motif proteins p62 (SQSTM1) and optineurin (OPTN) contribute to familial forms of frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Moreover, a subset of LIR-motif proteins is involved in selective mitochondrial degradation initiated by two recessive familial Parkinson’s disease genes. PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) activates the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin (PARK2) to mark depolarized mitochondria for degradation. An extensive body of literature delineates key mechanisms in this pathway, based mostly on work in transformed cell lines. However, the potential role of PINK1-triggered mitophagy in neurodegeneration remains a conundrum, particularly in light of recent in vivo mitophagy studies. There are at least three major mechanisms by which mitochondria are targeted for mitophagy: transmembrane receptor-mediated, ubiquitin-mediated and cardiolipin-mediated. This review summarizes key features of the major cargo recognition pathways for selective autophagy and mitophagy, highlighting their potential impact in the pathogenesis or amelioration of neurodegenerative diseases.
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