Uncertainty is associated with biased expectancies and heightened responses to aversion.
Uncertainty is associated with biased expectancies and heightened responses to aversion.
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DOI：
10.1037/a0022583
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发表时间：
2011-04
期刊：
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Nitschke, Jack B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grupe, Daniel W.;Nitschke, Jack B.
不确定性是人们生活中无处不在的力量，已被证明会放大厌恶事件的负面影响。这种放大的厌恶情绪，加上个人对不确定性的消极态度，表明表明未来事件不确定性的线索可能与对负面结果的偏见预期或有偏见的意外事件估计有关，类似于在传统的与恐惧相关的线索（如蛇或蜘蛛）中观察到的偏见。这项研究的参与者看到了三种不同的线索：一种明确表明接下来会出现厌恶的图片，一种肯定表明接下来会出现中性的图片，还有一种表明不确定接下来会出现厌恶的图片还是中性的图片。在线自我报告数据显示，在不确定的线索之后，人们对厌恶的预期存在负面偏差。在实验结束时，这种在线预期偏差的程度预测了受试者对不确定线索和厌恶图片之间关系的估计。不确定提示后的厌恶图片（相对于特定提示后的图片）伴随着皮肤电导反应的增加和自我报告的负面情绪。这些发现表明，不确定性伴随着厌恶的偏见预期和对厌恶的强烈反应，这使得这项研究在焦虑症中得到扩展，因为有证据表明此类疾病的病理学中不能容忍不确定性和预期功能障碍。
Uncertainty is an omnipresent force in peoples’ lives that has been shown to amplify the negative impact of aversive events. This amplified aversiveness, together with the negative attitudes that individuals can have toward uncertainty, suggests that a cue indicating uncertainty about future events might be associated with biased expectancies of negative outcomes or biased contingency estimates, similar to biases that have been observed for traditional fear-relevant cues, such as snakes or spiders. Participants in this study saw three different cues: one that indicated with certainty that an aversive picture would follow, one that indicated with certainty that a neutral picture would follow, and one that indicated uncertainty about whether an aversive or neutral picture would follow. Online self-report data revealed negatively biased expectancies of aversion following uncertain cues. The degree of this online expectancy bias predicted subjects’ estimates, at the conclusion of the experiment, of the relationship between uncertain cues and aversive pictures. Aversive pictures following the uncertain cue (relative to those following the certain cue) were accompanied by increased skin conductance responses and self-reported negative mood. These findings that uncertainty is accompanied by biased expectancies of aversion and heightened responses to aversion warrant extensions of this research in anxiety disorders, given evidence for intolerance of uncertainty and anticipatory dysfunction in the pathology of such disorders.
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DOI：
10.1523/jneurosci.4578-08.2009
发表时间：
2009-02-11
期刊：
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
影响因子：
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作者：
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影响因子：
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期刊：
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发表时间：
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影响因子：
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