Policy distortions, farm size, and the overuse of agricultural chemicals in China.
Policy distortions, farm size, and the overuse of agricultural chemicals in China.
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中国的政策扭曲、农场规模和农用化学品的过度使用
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1806645115
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发表时间：
2018-07-03
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Chen D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wu Y;Xi X;Tang X;Luo D;Gu B;Lam SK;Vitousek PM;Chen D
意义 农用化学品的过度使用给中国的环境质量和人体健康造成了巨大损害。最大限度地减少农用化学品的使用是农业可持续发展的关键挑战。我们证明，小农场规模（在中国，通常每块土地约 0.1 公顷）与农用化学品的过度使用密切相关。在许多国家，农场规模随着经济的发展而增加，但在中国，由于国家政策的原因，农场规模并没有出现。通过消除政策扭曲来扩大农场规模将大大减少农用化学品的使用及其对环境的影响，同时增加中国农民的收入。了解农药过度使用的原因对于中国农业的可持续发展至关重要。通过对中国具有全国代表性的农户调查，我们发现农场规模是影响中国农场农用化学品使用强度的一个重要因素。据统计，农场规模增加1%，每公顷化肥和农药使用量分别减少0.3%和0.5%（P<0.001），农业劳动生产率提高近1%，但仅导致作物产量下降0.02%，在统计上微不足道。使用来自中国的其他独立收集的数据源以及对 20 世纪 60 年代至 2000 年代 74 个国家的国际面板分析也发现了同样的模式。在许多其他国家，经济增长与农场规模的扩大有关，但在中国，这种关系因土地和移民政策而扭曲，导致中国小农场规模持续存在。消除这些扭曲将使农业化学品的使用量减少 30-50%，这些化学品对环境的影响减少 50%，同时使所有农民（包括那些移居城市地区的农民）的总收入增加一倍。消除政策扭曲也可能是对过度使用问题的其他补救措施的补充，例如让农民更容易获得现代技术和知识，以及改善环境监管和执法。
Significance Overuse of agricultural chemicals has resulted in enormous damages to environmental quality and human health in China. Reducing the use of agricultural chemicals to an optimal level is a crucial challenge for the sustainable development of agriculture. We demonstrate that small farm size (in China, typically ∼0.1 ha for each parcel) is strongly related to overuse of agricultural chemicals. Farm size increases with economic development in many other countries, but this is not observed in China due to national policies. Increasing farm size by removing policy distortions would substantially decrease both the use of agricultural chemicals and their environmental impact, while increasing rural income in China. Understanding the reasons for overuse of agricultural chemicals is critical to the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture. Using a nationally representative rural household survey from China, we found that farm size is a strong factor that affects the use intensity of agricultural chemicals across farms in China. Statistically, a 1% increase in farm size is associated with a 0.3% and 0.5% decrease in fertilizer and pesticide use per hectare (P < 0.001), respectively, and an almost 1% increase in agricultural labor productivity, while it only leads to a statistically insignificant 0.02% decrease in crop yields. The same pattern was also found using other independently collected data sources from China and an international panel analysis of 74 countries from the 1960s to the 2000s. While economic growth has been associated with increasing farm size in many other countries, in China this relationship has been distorted by land and migration policies, leading to the persistence of small farm size in China. Removing these distortions would decrease agricultural chemical use by 30–50% and the environmental impact of those chemicals by 50% while doubling the total income of all farmers including those who move to urban areas. Removing policy distortions is also likely to complement other remedies to the overuse problem, such as easing farmer’s access to modern technologies and knowledge, and improving environmental regulation and enforcement.
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影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Zhang, Xin;Davidson, Eric A.;Shen, Ye
通讯作者：
Shen, Ye
影响因子：
8.4
作者：
Meng, Xin
通讯作者：
Meng, Xin
影响因子：
6.6
作者：
Norse, David;Ju, Xiaotang
通讯作者：
Ju, Xiaotang
影响因子：
2
作者：
Sicular, Terry;Yue Ximing;Shi, Li
通讯作者：
Shi, Li
清理氮污染可能会减少未来的碳汇
DOI：
10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.10.007
发表时间：
2018-01-01
影响因子：
8.9
作者：
Gu, Baojing;Ju, Xiaotang;Chen, Deli
通讯作者：
Chen, Deli