"Silent" signals: Selective forces acting on ultrasonic communication systems in terrestrial vertebrates.
"Silent" signals: Selective forces acting on ultrasonic communication systems in terrestrial vertebrates.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.05.012
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发表时间：
2008-10
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Narins, Peter M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arch, Victoria S.;Narins, Peter M.
关键词：
通过技术创新，人类已经获得了独特的能力来观察和研究发生在我们自己的感官能力范围之外的感知现象。在声学通信的研究中，一个这样的领域是超过人类听力上限（约≥20 kHz）的频率通道，用人类术语定义为“超声波”。超声波频率边界在生物学上多少是任意的；听到超声波的能力在陆生脊椎动物中广泛存在，并且被认为是哺乳动物的祖先特征（Masterton et al. 1968; Sales & Pye 1974）。然而，在声学通信的背景下，区分可听（即在人类可听范围内，约20 Hz-20 kHz）和超声波通信为探索有关动物通信系统的适应性效用的有趣问题提供了基础。超声波感应麦克风和录音机的选择和质量不断扩大，为解决这些问题提供了机会。为了实现有效的声通信，发射的信号必须以足够清晰的清晰度到达接收器，以便做出适当的行为和/或生理决定。在Endler（1993）之后，我们因此可以认为清晰的接收是一个成功的通信系统的最低要求。考虑到这一点，很明显，超声波频率传输特性中固有的因素对它们作为信息承载元素有用的环境和社会条件施加了一些限制（sensu Suga 1972）。高频声音随着距离的增加衰减得更快（Morton 1975; Lawrence & Simmons 1982; Surlykke 1988; Römer & Lewald 1992），并且比低频声音更具方向性（Kinsler & Frey 1962）。此外，高频声音的短波长使它们容易被相对较小的物体反射和散射，如树枝、树叶和草叶（Marler 1955; Sales & Pye 1974）。因此,在
Through technological innovations, humans have attained the unique ability to observe and study perceptual phenomena occurring outside the limits of our own sensory capabilities. In the study of acoustic communication, one such realm is the frequency channel above the upper limit of human hearing (ca.≥ 20 kHz), which is defined in human terms as “ultrasound”. The ultrasonic frequency boundary is biologically somewhat arbitrary; the ability to hear ultrasound is widespread among terrestrial vertebrates, and is thought to be an ancestral trait of mammals (Masterton et al. 1968; Sales & Pye 1974). However, within the context of acoustic communication, distinguishing between audible (ie, within the human audible range, ca. 20 Hz–20 kHz) and ultrasonic communication provides a foundation upon which to explore intriguing questions regarding the adaptive utility of animal communication systems. The everexpanding selection and quality of ultrasonically-sensitive microphones and recorders have provided the opportunity to address such questions with increasing sophistication.For effective acoustic communication to occur, an emitted signal must reach a receiver with enough clarity to allow an appropriate behavioral and/or physiological decision to be made. After Endler (1993), we can therefore consider clear reception to be the minimum requirement of a successful communication system. With this in mind, it becomes apparent that factors inherent in the transmission properties of ultrasonic frequencies place some restrictions on the environments and social conditions in which they are useful as information-bearing elements (sensu Suga 1972). Higher-frequency sounds attenuate more rapidly with distance (Morton 1975; Lawrence & Simmons 1982; Surlykke 1988; Römer & Lewald 1992) and are more directional than low-frequencies (Kinsler & Frey 1962). In addition, the short wavelengths of high-frequency sounds make them susceptible to reflection and scattering by relatively small objects, such as twigs, leaves, and blades of grass (Marler 1955; Sales & Pye 1974). Thus, in
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.1993.0060
发表时间：
1993-05-29
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
ENDLER, JA
通讯作者：
ENDLER, JA
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Ehret, G
通讯作者：
Ehret, G
影响因子：
1.7
作者：
BALCOMBE, JP;FENTON, MB
通讯作者：
FENTON, MB
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
BRUDZYNSKI, SM;CHIU, EMC
通讯作者：
CHIU, EMC
影响因子：
8.2
作者：
Blumberg, MS;Sokoloff, G;Kent, KJ
通讯作者：
Kent, KJ