So many options, so little control: abstract representations can reduce selection demands to increase children's self-directed flexibility.
So many options, so little control: abstract representations can reduce selection demands to increase children's self-directed flexibility.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jecp.2013.07.010
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发表时间：
2013-11
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Munakata Y
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Snyder HR;Munakata Y
当孩子必须使用自我指导的目标(例如，在没有提示的情况下做作业)而不是外部驱动的目标(例如，被告知时清理)时，他们往往难以灵活行事。这种挣扎可能反映了在许多可能的选择中进行选择的要求，就像自我指导控制所需的那样。本研究测试了：1)6岁儿童在相互竞争的语义表征中表现出选择困难，2)提供旨在减少选择需求的类别标签提高了成绩，3)这种好处转化为自我导向的灵活性。第一次在儿童中使用受阻循环命名任务来衡量选择。图片被重复命名，或者是来自同一类别(例如，所有动物)的同质块，这由于传播语义激活和进行努力的认知控制而产生了高选择要求，或者是混合块中的每一张图片来自不同的类别。儿童在选择选项时表现出强烈的困难，这是通过同质和混合区块之间的RT差异来衡量的。提供旨在通过在相同类别项之间进行区分来减少选择需求的子类别标签(例如，“奶牛是农场动物。猫是一种宠物。改进了选择。提供上级类别(例如，“奶牛是一种动物。猫是一种动物。也改善了选择，但这些好处不那么可靠，在随后的言语流利性任务中，子类别标签比上级类别标签带来了更大的好处。这些结果支持了子类别表征在减少选择需求以帮助自我定向灵活性方面的作用，同时也表明一些儿童可能会使用上级类别标签来激活他们自己的子类别表征。
Children often struggle to behave flexibly when they must use self-directed goals (e.g., doing homework without prompting) rather than externally-driven goals (e.g., cleaning up when told). Such struggles may reflect the demands of selecting among many potential options, as required for self-directed control. The current study tested whether: 1) 6-year-old children show difficulty selecting among competing semantic representations, 2) providing category labels designed to reduce selection demands improves performance, and 3) such benefits transfer to self-directed flexibility. Selection was measured using the blocked cyclic naming task for the first time with children. Pictures were named repeatedly, in either homogeneous blocks from the same category (e.g., all animals), which create high selection demands due to spreading semantic activation and engage effortful cognitive control, or mixed blocks with each picture from a different category. Children showed robust difficulty in selecting among options, as indexed by RT differences between homogeneous and mixed blocks. Providing subcategory labels designed to reduce selection demands by distinguishing among same-category items (e.g., “A cow is a farm animal. A cat is a pet.”) improved selection. Providing superordinate categories (e.g., “A cow is an animal. A cat is an animal.”) also improved selection, but these benefits were less robust, and subcategory labels led to greater benefits than superordinate category labels on a subsequent verbal fluency task. These results support a role for subcategory representations in reducing selection demands to aid self-directed flexibility, while suggesting that some children may use superordinate category labels to activate subcategory representations on their own.
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