Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) growth and defense in response to mountain pine beetle outbreaks
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) growth and defense in response to mountain pine beetle outbreaks
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白皮松（Pinus albicaulis）的生长和防御以应对山松甲虫爆发
DOI：
10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117736
复制
发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
McWethy, David B.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kichas, Nickolas E.;Hood, Sharon M.;Pederson, Gregory T.;Everett, Richard G.;McWethy, David B.
白皮松 (Pinus albicaulis) 是落基山脉北部高亚高山生态系统的重要森林物种，但人们对白皮松在各种不同环境梯度下对干扰（例如火、树皮甲虫和病原体）的生理反应知之甚少。基于树脂的防御长期以来一直被认为是针叶树应对树皮甲虫和病原体攻击的主要机制，并且一些研究已将树脂管道特性与甲虫活动增加期间的生存联系起来。然而，据我们所知，还没有研究比较成对的活白皮松树和死白皮松树次生木质部的轴向树脂导管，以更好地了解山松甲虫和白松泡锈病等多种干扰后的生存情况。我们发现活的和死的白皮松在生长和防御特征上有明显的区别。在我们蒙大拿州西北部弗拉特黑德印第安保留地的研究地点，活的白皮松产生了更大的树脂管道，每年对树脂防御的投资比死亡的白皮松更大。活白皮松的树脂导管尺寸、导管面积和相对导管面积均较大（分别增加 56%、48% 和 57%），这些是影响白皮松存活率的最重要变量。相比之下，随着时间的推移，死亡的白皮松比活着的白皮松生长得更快（环宽大22%），并且还产生更多的树脂管道结构（平均多20%的管道）。我们研究地点的白皮松在生长和防御方面的资源分配表现出不同的策略，最近扰乱的大多数幸存者对防御结构的投资多于对生长的投资。我们的结果支持这样的观点，即维持遗传变异性和相关的不同生理特征可以促进对一系列复杂的生物物理和生物应激源的不同反应策略，这些应激源可能使一个物种在其范围内容易灭绝。
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a critical forest species of Northern Rocky Mountain upper subalpine ecosystems, yet little is known about the physiological response of whitebark pine to disturbance (e.g. fire, bark beetles, and pathogens) across a range of diverse environmental gradients. Resin-based defenses have long been recognized as the primary mechanism by which conifers respond to attack by bark beetles and pathogens and several studies have linked resin duct properties to survivorship during periods of increased beetle activity. However, to our knowledge, no studies have compared axial resin ducts in the secondary xylem of whitebark pine across pairs of living and dead whitebark pine trees to better understand survivorship following multiple disturbances including mountain pine beetle and white pine blister rust. We found a clear distinction in growth and defense characteristics between live and dead whitebark pine. Across our study sites on the Flathead Indian Reservation in northwestern Montana, live whitebark pine produced larger resin ducts with a greater annual investment in resin-based defenses than whitebark pine that died. Resin duct size, duct area, and relative duct area were all greater in live whitebark pine (by 56%, 48%, and 57%, respectively) and these were the most important variables influencing whitebark pine survivorship. In contrast, whitebark pine that had died grew faster over time (22% larger ring widths) than their live counterparts and also produced more resin duct structures (20% more ducts on average). Whitebark pine at our study sites exhibit differing strategies in the allocation of resources toward growth and defense, with the majority of survivors of recent disturbance investing more in defensive structures than growth. Our results support the idea that maintaining genetic variability and the associated suite of differing physiological traits promotes diverse response strategies to a complex array of biophysical and biological stressors that might leave a species vulnerable to extinction across its range.
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