Why Do People Stay Poor?

Why Do People Stay Poor?
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为什么人们仍然贫穷?

DOI:
10.1093/qje/qjab045
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发表时间:
2022
期刊:
The Quarterly Journal of Economics
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Balboni C
Balboni C
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Balboni C

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关于为什么人们总是贫穷,有两种广泛的观点。一种强调基础的差异,如能力、天赋或动机。贫困陷阱的观点强调机会的差异源于获得财富的途径。为了验证这些观点,我们进行了大规模的随机资产转移,并对6000个家庭进行了为期11年的调查,这些家庭一开始都是极度贫困的。故事发生在孟加拉国的农村,主角是奶牛。数据支持贫困陷阱的观点——我们确定了初始资产的一个阈值水平,超过这个阈值,家庭就会积累资产,从事更好的职业(从农业或家政服务的临时工到经营小型畜牧业),并摆脱贫困。对于那些低于阈值的人来说,情况正好相反。对职业选择模型的结构估计表明,几乎所有的受益者都在他们的基线工作中被错误分配,消除错误分配所产生的收益将远远超过项目成本。我们的研究结果表明,为穷人创造更好就业机会的大规模转移支付是使人们摆脱贫困陷阱和减少全球贫困的有效手段。
There are two broad views as to why people stay poor. One emphasizes differences in fundamentals, such as ability, talent, or motivation. The poverty traps view emphasizes differences in opportunities that stem from access to wealth. To test these views, we exploit a large-scale, randomized asset transfer and an 11-year panel of 6,000 households who begin in extreme poverty. The setting is rural Bangladesh, and the assets are cows. The data support the poverty traps view—we identify a threshold level of initial assets above which households accumulate assets, take on better occupations (from casual labor in agriculture or domestic services to running small livestock businesses), and grow out of poverty. The reverse happens for those below the threshold. Structural estimation of an occupational choice model reveals that almost all beneficiaries are misallocated in the work they do at baseline and that the gains arising from eliminating misallocation would far exceed the program costs. Our findings imply that large transfers, which create better jobs for the poor, are an effective means of getting people out of poverty traps and reducing global poverty.
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