Trends and Disparities in Firearm Fatalities in the United States, 1990-2021.
Trends and Disparities in Firearm Fatalities in the United States, 1990-2021.
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DOI：
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.44221
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发表时间：
2022-11-01
影响因子：
13.8
通讯作者：
Fleegler, Eric W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rees, Chris A.;Monuteaux, Michael C.;Steidley, Isabella;Mannix, Rebekah;Lee, Lois K.;Barrett, Jefferson T.;Fleegler, Eric W.
这项横断面研究按意图、年龄、性别、种族、族裔以及死亡个体的城市性程度，调查了1990年至2021年期间的枪支致死率。
在美国，枪支致死率在32年期间是如何变化的？
在这项对1110421例枪支致死案例的横断面研究中，所有意图的枪支致死率在2004年降至低点，然后到2021年上升了45.5%。枪支凶杀案在非西班牙裔黑人男性中最高，而枪支自杀率在70岁及以上的非西班牙裔白人男性中最高。
这项研究发现，男女之间以及不同种族和族裔群体之间的枪支致死率存在显著差异，且这些差异在近年来有所增加。
美国的枪支致死率已达到28年来的最高水平。描述枪支致死率随意图、人口统计学特征和地理位置随时间的演变情况，可能会凸显高危群体，并为预防枪支伤害的干预措施提供信息。
为了解美国按意图、人口统计学特征和地理位置分层的枪支致死率的差异。
这项横断面研究使用来自美国疾病控制与预防中心的数据，分析了1990年至2021年美国的枪支致死情况。绘制了热图、最高和平均致死率图表以及县级比率的等值区域图，以按年龄、性别、种族、族裔以及死于枪支的个体的城市性程度，研究不同意图的枪支致死率随时间的趋势。数据分析时间为2018年12月至2022年9月。
按年龄、性别、种族、族裔、城市性程度以及死亡个体所在县划分的，每年每10万人中特定意图（自杀或凶杀）的枪支致死率。
1990年至2021年期间，共有1110421例枪支致死案例（男性952984例[85.8%]，女性157165例[14.2%]；非西班牙裔黑人286075例[25.8%]，西班牙裔115616例[10.4%]，非西班牙裔白人672132例[60.5%]）。每10万人中所有意图的枪支致死率在2004年降至10.1例的低点，然后到2021年上升至14.7例（增长45.5%）。从2014年到2021年，每年每10万人中男性和女性的枪支凶杀率分别从5.9例上升至10.9例（增长84.7%）和从1.1例上升至2.0例（增长87.0%）。枪支自杀率在80 - 84岁的非西班牙裔白人男性中最高（2021年高达每10万人46.8例）。到2021年，非西班牙裔黑人男性的枪支凶杀率最高可达非西班牙裔白人男性的22.5倍（20 - 24岁年龄段每10万人高达141.8例），西班牙裔男性的枪支凶杀率最高可达非西班牙裔白人男性的3.6倍（20 - 24岁年龄段每10万人高达22.8例），而非西班牙裔白人男性在30 - 34岁年龄段每10万人最高为6.3例。与女性相比，男性的自杀率（2021年每10万人14.1例对比2.0例）和凶杀率（2021年每10万人10.9例对比2.0例）更高。大都市地区的凶杀率高于非大都市地区（2021年每10万人6.6例对比4.8例）。县级枪支致死率随时间推移而增加，从西部蔓延至南部。从1999年到2011年以及2014年到2016年，西部各州每年每10万人中的致死率从10.6例降至10.5例，而南部各州从12.8例上升至13.9例。
这项研究发现，不同人口群体的枪支致死率存在显著差异，且在过去十年中有所增加。这些研究结果表明，减少枪支暴力的公共卫生方法应考虑潜在的人口统计学和地理趋势以及意图方面的差异。
This cross-sectional study investigates rates of firearm fatalities by intent, age, sex, race, ethnicity, and urbanicity of individuals killed from 1990 to 2021. How have firearm fatality rates varied over a 32-year period in the United States? In this cross-sectional study of 1 110 421 firearm fatalities, all-intent firearm fatality rates declined to a low in 2004, then increased 45.5% by 2021. Firearm homicides were highest among Black non-Hispanic males, and firearm suicide rates were highest among White non-Hispanic men ages 70 years and older. This study found marked disparities in firearm fatality rates between men and women and by racial and ethnic group, and these disparities increased in recent years. Firearm fatality rates in the United States have reached a 28-year high. Describing the evolution of firearm fatality rates across intents, demographics, and geography over time may highlight high-risk groups and inform interventions for firearm injury prevention. To understand variations in rates of firearm fatalities stratified by intent, demographics, and geography in the US. This cross-sectional study analyzed firearm fatalities in the US from 1990 to 2021 using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heat maps, maximum and mean fatality rate graphs, and choropleth maps of county-level rates were created to examine trends in firearm fatality rates by intent over time by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and urbanicity of individuals who died from firearms. Data were analyzed from December 2018 through September 2022. Rates of firearm fatalities by age, sex, race, ethnicity, urbanicity, and county of individuals killed stratified by specific intent (suicide or homicide) per 100 000 persons per year. There were a total of 1 110 421 firearm fatalities from 1990 to 2021 (952 984 among males [85.8%] and 157 165 among females [14.2%]; 286 075 among Black non-Hispanic individuals [25.8%], 115 616 among Hispanic individuals [10.4%], and 672 132 among White non-Hispanic individuals [60.5%]). All-intents total firearm fatality rates per 100 000 persons declined to a low of 10.1 fatalities in 2004, then increased to 14.7 fatalities (45.5% increase) by 2021. From 2014 to 2021, male and female firearm homicide rates per 100 000 persons per year increased from 5.9 to 10.9 fatalities (84.7% increase) and 1.1 to 2.0 fatalities (87.0% increase), respectively. Firearm suicide rates were highest among White non-Hispanic men aged 80 to 84 years (up to 46.8 fatalities/100 000 persons in 2021). By 2021, maximum rates of firearm homicide were up to 22.5 times higher among Black non-Hispanic men (up to 141.8 fatalities/100 000 persons aged 20-24 years) and up to 3.6 times higher among Hispanic men (up to 22.8 fatalities/100 000 persons aged 20-24 years) compared with White non-Hispanic men (up to 6.3 fatalities/100 000 persons aged 30-34 years). Males had higher rates of suicide (14.1 fatalities vs 2.0 fatalities per 100 000 persons in 2021) and homicide (10.9 fatalities vs. 2.0 fatalities per 100 000 persons in 2021) compared with females. Metropolitan areas had higher homicide rates than nonmetropolitan areas (6.6 fatalities vs 4.8 fatalities per 100 000 persons in 2021). Firearm fatalities by county level increased over time, spreading from the West to the South. From 1999 to 2011 until 2014 to 2016, fatalities per 100 000 persons per year decreased from 10.6 to 10.5 fatalities in Western states and increased from 12.8 to 13.9 fatalities in Southern states. This study found marked disparities in firearm fatality rates by demographic group, which increased over the past decade. These findings suggest that public health approaches to reduce firearm violence should consider underlying demographic and geographic trends and differences by intent.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11524-018-0261-7
发表时间：
2018-06-01
影响因子：
6.6
作者：
Azrael, Deborah;Cohen, Joanna;Miller, Matthew
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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DOI：
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发表时间：
2018-09-21
期刊：
Science (New York, N.Y.)
影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
5.9
作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
26.1
作者：
Barrett, Jefferson T.;Lee, Lois K.;Fleegler, Eric W.
通讯作者：
Fleegler, Eric W.